Which of the following contributes to muscle growth bone density and the functioning of the cardiovascular system quizlet?
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Arrange the following events in endochondral ossification in proper sequence: (1) Cartilage matrix is calcified and chondrocytes die. (2) Chondrocytes hypertrophy. (3) Cartilage model is formed. (4) Osteoblasts deposit bone on the surface of the calcified cartilage called the primary ossification center. (5) Blood vessels from the periosteum invade calcified cartilage bringing in osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Show The sequence of events that produces growth at the epiphyseal plate is Normal bone growth requires adequate amounts of _____, _____, and _____ in the diet. The proper sequence of events in bone repair is Sets with similar termsRecommended textbook solutions
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Terms in this set (37)Which of the following occurs in the typical older adult? The major blood vessels around the heart lose elasticity. The ______________ system exerts its control over specific cellular functions through chemical substances called hormones. endocrine The epiphyseal, or growth, plates close at relatively younger ages in which of the following groups? girls and early matueres Which of the following factors contribute(s) to bone loss with aging in women? level of exercise, calcium in diet, and estrogen hormones
What period shows the most rapid increase in subcutaneous adipose tissue? . in preadolescence, from 6 to 7 years until 12 to 13 years in both boys and girls What period shows the most rapid increase in adipose tissue? - during the first 6 postnatal montsh in boys and girls Active older adults add less fat weight than their sedentary peers with aging. true Body fat redistributes with aging, and both men and women typically have an increase in internal fat as they move through middle adulthood and into older adulthood true In the typical adult, fat weight increases from the 20s to age 50 and decreases thereafter. false In infancy, childhood, and adolescence, adipose tissue growth is by both hyperplasia and hypertrophy. true Deficiencies of hormones rather than excesses of hormones disturb the normal process of growth and development. false Until age 50 years, the loss of muscle mass is slight (approximately 10% of muscle mass). true The growth, thyroid, and gonadal hormones all promote growth by stimulating protein anabolism. true The heart follows the sigmoid pattern of whole-body growth, and the growth of the blood vessels surrounding the heart is proportional to that of the heart; therefore, the size of the heart is not a limiting factor for exercise in children. true Because not all muscle fibers are differentiated to a specific type of fiber, such as type I or type IIb, we know that infants' early activities influence the proportion of fiber types, so we can prepare them to excel at certain kinds of activities in later life. true After the adolescent growth spurt, sex differences in muscle mass result more from differences in arm musculature than leg musculature. true In infancy, childhood, and adolescence, muscle growth is by both hyperplasia and hypertrophy. false Bone composition changes over the life span, becoming more inorganic in composition and therefore more brittle in older adulthood. true New bone stops forming and bone remodeling ends in older adulthood false Young people can have irritations of traction epiphyses during their growth years. true The ossification of the skeleton begins postnatally. false After age 50 years, both the number of and diameter of muscle fibers decrease in the average older adult. true Gonadal hormone replacement therapy tends to counteract many of the effects of aging. true
In childhood and adolescence, growth in the neurological system is predominantly by hyperplasia of the neurons, glial cells, and myelin rather than synaptic formation false Because the brain attains 80% of its adult size in the first few postnatal years, it is particularly susceptible to extrinsic factors such as poor nutrition or a physical blow during this time. true The ____________ hormones in particular play a role in promoting skeletal growth. thyroid Traction epiphyses are located where ____________ attach to the bones. tendons or muscles The increase in girth in the long bones is called ____________ growth. appositional The conduction speed of nerve impulses is aided by the development of ____________ cells that wrap themselves around the axons. myeline The ____________ hormones in particular play a role in fusion of the epiphyseal growth plates, thus bringing skeletal growth to an end. gonadal or androgen Describe the changes that occur in the endocrine system with aging. What can be the results of these changes? The endocrine system declines in function with age. This includes a decline in thyroid function, gonadal hormone levels, and the ability of the body to utilize insulin as effectively as it did at younger ages. A decrease in thyroid function can lead to congestive heart failure or hyperthyroidism. A decrease in effectiveness of insulin function can lead to type 2 diabetes. There is not much information about the causes of these changes. Theories of gradual imbalance suggest that over time, the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems generally fail to function and all influence each other, contributing to aging. Describe how neurons, axons, synapses, and myelin are related to each other. Neurons are the cells of the nervous system that receive and transmit information. In development, they begin as a general type of neuron and then develop into specific types during the prenatal period. Axons of the neurons grow by following a chemical trail. Electrical impulses travel from neurons to axons that connect to other neurons, and then finally a synapse connects neurons together. The synapse involves a release of chemicals known as neurotransmitters. These processes are how the nervous system functions. Myelin acts as an insulator and speeds impulse conduction. Do all adults gain adipose tissue throughout adulthood? Support your answer with evidence from the text or class notes. Yes, in general, adults gain adipose tissue throughout adulthood, reflecting changes in nutrition and activity. However, not everyone gains adipose tissue in older adulthood. Individuals who are very active and maintain healthy diets may have little or no gain in adipose tissue. Compare the developmental distribution of adipose tissue in males and females. Boys and girls tend to have similar amounts of adipose tissue until about 2 years of age. Girls tend to have slightly more fat at age 2. Then, fat increases at a similar rate for boys and girls until about age 8. In boys, fat continues to gradually increase through adolescence, whereas girls have a more dramatic increase. Adult women tend to have more fat than do men. The process of bone growth continues throughout the life span. However, this process in adulthood differs from that in children. Explain what happens to bone formation as people age. What is the result in terms of bone density? As people age, old bone is replaced by new bone. Bone formation slows and eventually cannot keep pace with resorption. The result is a loss of bone tissue starting as early as the mid-20s. In older adults, bones are composed of much more inorganic material than organic material, making bones brittle and more subject to microfracture. Bone loss with aging can be due to changes in hormone levels, dietary deficiencies, and decreased exercise. All of these changes result in a loss of bone density. Prenatally, adipose tissue increases rapidly in the last 2 months before birth so that at birth adipose tissue is about 40% of the newborn's weight. false The placenta serves as a barrier so that a mother's hormones do not flood the fetus' system. true Sets with similar termsChapter 6 Matching42 terms New-York-Mets-5 Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissue41 terms emily_nguyen550 A&P 1-Chapter 635 terms ss9pj1 ch 637 terms sophie_kiem Sets found in the same folderHPE Ch 827 terms zyriaharris HPE Ch 1034 terms zyriaharris HPE Ch 1129 terms zyriaharris HPE Ch 1232 terms zyriaharris Other sets by this creatorPreliminary Health Screening and Risk Classificati…42 terms zyriaharris Physical Activity, Health, and Disease48 terms zyriaharris Endocrinology basics43 terms zyriaharris Skeletal Muscle force and power24 terms zyriaharris Recommended textbook solutionsThe Human Body in Health and Disease7th EditionGary A. Thibodeau, Kevin T. Patton 1,505 solutions
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