most likely to be addressed using a quantitative approach.
Rationale: Quantitative studies usually involve concepts that are fairly well developed and for which reliable methods of measurement have been [or can be] developed. In this appropriately worded question, both the independent variable [a person's gender] and the dependent variable [death anxiety] can be measured. A qualitative approach would not be suitable for this question, but could be used for related questions [e.g., What is the essence of death anxiety among patients with cancer?].
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In response to human rights violations, various codes of ethics have been developed. Which code of ethical standards was developed after the Nazi atrocities were made public?
- The Declaration of Helsinki
- The Nuremberg Code
- The ICN Code of Ethics
- The Belmont Report
The Nuremberg Code
Which was the basis for regulations affecting research sponsored by the U.S. government?
- Declaration of Helsinki
- Belmont Report
- The ICN Code of Ethics
- Nuremberg Code
Belmont Report
In the context of ethical principles, what is beneficence?
- Participants' right to self-determination
- Researchers' obligation to maximize
benefits and minimize harms
- Researchers' obligation to fully disclose aspects of the research to participants
- Researchers' obligation to protect participants' privacy
Researchers' obligation to maximize benefits and minimize harms
Which statement about the protection of study participants is true?
- Qualitative researchers are often in a better position than quantitative researchers to "do good"
[and not just avoid harm] with study participants.
- The principle of beneficence involves protecting participants from minimal risks
- It would be ethically commendable to offer a stipend of US$250 to homeless veterans to participate in a study.
- The right to self-determination means that participants could decide that a friend could take their place in the study.
Qualitative researchers are often in a better position than quantitative researchers to "do good" [and not just avoid harm] with study participants.
In recruiting participants for a study about the experience of coping with a cancer diagnosis, the researcher tells people that the study is about their health beliefs. Which ethical right does this violate?
- The right to full disclosure
- The right to protection from exploitation
- The right to privacy
- The right to freedom from harm
The right to full disclosure
In undertaking a risk/benefit assessment to ensure the ethical conduct of a study, the researchers might identify which as a potential benefit?
- Participants' opportunity to take some time off from work
- Students' opportunity to gain research experience
- Researchers' opportunity to publish in a prestigious journal with high prestige
- Knowledge gains that could benefit patients in the
future
Knowledge gains that could benefit patients in the future
A researcher distributes a questionnaire to classrooms of nursing students about their health-promoting activities. The researcher considered the completion of the questionnaire an indicator of the students' permission to use their data. This is an example of:
- process consent.
- confidentiality.
- implied consent.
-
deception.
implied consent.
What term is used for the mechanism by which even the researcher cannot link participants with the information they provide?
- Informed consent
- Confidentiality
- Covert data collection
- Anonymity
Anonymity
Which group would be considered a vulnerable population, according to traditional guidelines?
- Pediatric patients
- Women hospitalized for a mastectomy
- People who do not speak English
- Members of a senior citizens group
Pediatric patients
Which group would be considered a vulnerable population, according to traditional guidelines?
- College students
- Patients in an outpatient rehabilitation facility
- Patients in a dialysis clinic
- Patients in a prison
hospital
Patients in a prison hospital
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, an example of serious ethical transgressions, violated which ethical principle?
- Failure to obtain a Certificate of Confidentiality
- Failure to treat participants as a vulnerable group
- Failure to conduct debriefing sessions
- Failure to protect participants from harm
Failure to protect participants from harm
The research question "What is the meaning of spirituality to patients in end- of-life care?" is:
- most likely to be addressed using a qualitative approach.
- not appropriately worded.
- amenable to either a qualitative or a quantitative approach.
- most likely to be addressed using a quantitative approach.
most likely to be addressed using a qualitative approach.
Which statement about research problems and paradigms [as paradigms relate to qualitative and quantitative methods] is true?
- Many research questions cannot be answered within either of the two main paradigms.
- Research problems emerge from allegiance to either the positivist paradigm [quantitative methods] or constructivist paradigm [qualitative methods].
- Quantitative studies typically focus on well-developed concepts for
which reliable methods of measurement exist.
- All research questions can be addressed using either quantitative or qualitative methods.
Quantitative studies typically focus on well-developed concepts for which reliable methods of measurement exist.
A problem statement has many components. Which is least likely to be a component of a written problem statement for a quantitative study?
- Scope of the
problem
- Researchers' views about fixing the problem
- Consequences of not fixing the problem
- Gaps in what is known
Researchers' views about fixing the problem
"For the thousands of patients on chemotherapy, nausea and vomiting are common side effects. To date, interventions have been only moderately successful in reducing these effects. New interventions that can reduce or prevent these side effects need to be identified to improve the quality of life of these patients." Which does this best represent?
- A hypothesis
- A research question
- A problem statement
- A statement of purpose
A problem statement
This study aimed to understand the experience of living with a colostomy among patients who had surgery for colon cancer" is a:
- portion of a problem statement
-
hypothesis.
- research question.
- statement of purpose.
statement of purpose.
A researcher's statement of purpose indicates that the goal of the study is to understand the lived experiences of family members caring for a terminally ill child with cancer. What type of study is this?
- Phenomenological
- Grounded theory
- Ethnographic
- Experimental
Phenomenological
Which verb used in a statement of purpose is most likely to signify that the study is quantitative?
- Evaluate
- Discover
- Understand
- Explore
Evaluate
Which is most likely to be a statement of purpose for a quantitative study?
- The purpose was to explore the lived experiences of refugee women from Syria in need of health care.
- The purpose was to
describe processes of families in managing the care of children with chronic illnesses at home.
- The purpose was to describe the experiences of people with untreated obstructive sleep apnea
- The purpose was to assess the effectiveness of music for decreasing agitation in nursing home residents.
The purpose was to assess the effectiveness of music for decreasing agitation in nursing home residents.
Identify the independent variable in the following research question "What is the effect of acetaminophen compared to ibuprofen on liver function in female adolescents with hepatitis?"
- Acetaminophen
- Liver function
- Type of pain reliever
- Ibuprofen
Type of pain reliever
In the following research question, what would correspond to the C component in the PICO scheme? "What is the relationship between pregnant women's smoking behavior and infant birth weight?"
- Infant birth weight
- Pregnancy status
- Smoking
- Not smoking
Not smoking
Which would be a research question template for a quantitative etiology/harm study, where IV = the independent variable and DV = the dependent variable?
- In a population, what is the frequency of occurrence of the DV?
- In a population, what is the
relationship between the IV and the DV?
- In a population, does exposure to IV increase the risk of DV?
- In a population, what is the effect of an intervention [IV] on the DV?
In a population, does exposure to IV increase the risk of DV?
Which statement about research hypotheses is true?
- Simple hypotheses make predictions about a single variable.
- Research articles typically stipulate the
null hypotheses.
- Induction is the logical reasoning process for deriving hypotheses from a theory.
- Qualitative researchers do not develop hypotheses prior to data collection.
Qualitative researchers do not develop hypotheses prior to data collection.
Which is a null hypothesis?
- Among patients with Parkinson's disease, an outdoor fall is more likely to result in injury than an indoor fall.
-
Patients with Parkinson's disease are as likely to fall indoors as outdoors.
- Among patients with Parkinson's disease, the risk of falling is higher outdoors than indoors.
- The greater the amount of time spent outdoors by patients with Parkinson, the greater the likelihood of a fall.
Patients with Parkinson's disease are as likely to fall indoors as outdoors.
What type of hypothesis is represented by the following prediction? "The fewer social supports an elderly person has, the more likely the individual will be institutionalized."
- Directional
- Nondirectional
- Complex
- Null
Directional
Which statement is worded incorrectly?
- On the basis of the results, we can accept the hypothesis that diminished appetite in the elderly is correlated with depression.
- The findings prove that
people living with HIV are at greater risk for chronic comorbidities than those not living with HIV.
- The statistical results support our hypothesis that women who are physically abused are at higher risk of cardiovascular disease than women who are not abused.
- The findings suggest that male patients with hypertension are more likely than their female counterparts to adhere to medications.
The findings prove that people living with HIV are at greater risk for chronic comorbidities than those not living with HIV.
In wording a testable hypothesis, which phrase would not be used?
- Meaning of
- More than
- Less than . . .
- Different from . .
Meaning of
Which statement regarding hypotheses is true?
- Hypotheses are tested in qualitative study through an inductive process.
- Hypotheses
prove the existence of relationships between two or more variables.
- Journal articles describing a quantitative study always state the researcher's hypotheses.
- Stating upfront hypotheses can reduce the possibility that spurious results will be misinterpreted.
Stating upfront hypotheses can reduce the possibility that spurious results will be misinterpreted.
For a research literature review, what is a primary source?
- A description of a study written by the researchers who did the study
- A summary of a study written by someone other than the researchers who conducted it
- Any reference focused primarily on the topic of interest
- Sources such as case reports, editorials, or anecdotes
A description of a study written by the researchers who did the study
What is a secondary source for a research literature review?
- Any reference focused on the topic of interest
- A description of a study written by researchers who did the study - Sources such as case reports, editorials, or anecdotes
- A summary of a study written by someone other than the researchers who conducted it
A summary of a study written by someone other than the researchers who conducted it
What is the first step in conducting a literature review?
- Encoding information from sources
- Selecting the bibliographic database to use
- Specifying the keywords to use in the search
- Identifying the question to be addressed
Identifying the question to be addressed
There are several strategies for finding studies on a research question. What is the ancestry approach?
- Searching for articles that summarize prior
research in a bibliographic database
- Tracking down earlier studies cited in the reference list of a relevant research report.
- Reading abstracts to determine whether the article is pertinent to the topic.
- Using a pivotal study to search forward to subsequent studies that cited it.
Tracking down earlier studies cited in the reference list of a relevant research report.
In the following CINAHL citation, to what does the "6" refer? "Nursing Research, Nov/Dec 2017; 66[6]: 406-411."
- A journal issue in a given year
- The journal volume
- The month of issue
- A page number
A journal issue in a given year
Which does the MEDLINE database use to provide consistency in information retrieval?
- Text words
- MeSH
- Boolean operators
- Scopus reviews
MeSH
Which is true about Google Scholar [GS]?
- GS is the most widely respected bibliographic search engine for health research.
- GS is unlike other bibliographic databases in that Boolean operators cannot be used.
- GS includes a "Cited by" search feature that can be used for a descendancy search
- GS is accessed by paying an annual subscription fee.
GS includes a "Cited by" search feature that can be used for a descendancy search
In evaluating primary studies for a literature review, what is the key question that a reviewer should address?
- Did the authors cite appropriately from the previously published literature related to the problem under study
- Was the research question in the study appropriate?
- To what extent do the study findings reflect the truth [the true state of affairs]?
- Did the authors include an adequate literature review
in their research report?
To what extent do the study findings reflect the truth [the true state of affairs]?
What is an abstract generalization that explains how phenomena are interrelated?
- A descriptive theory
- A framework
- A traditional theory
- A conceptual model
A traditional theory
The power of theories lies in their ability to:
- provide guidance on how to test hypotheses statistically.
- minimize the number of words required to explain phenomena and, thereby, eliminate semantic problems
- prove that relationships exist among the phenomena studied -
- articulate the nature of relationships among phenomena.
articulate the nature of relationships among phenomena.
Descriptive theory plays an important role in which type of study?
- Intervention study
- Qualitative study
- Experimental study
- Case study
Qualitative study
What are the basic building blocks of a theory?
- Concepts
- Relationships
- Propositions
- Hypotheses
Concepts
What is an example of a theory that has been described as a grand theory in nursing?
- Comfort Theory [Kolcaba]
- Health Promotion Model [Pender]
- Uncertainty in Illness Theory [Mishel]
- Humanbecoming Paradigm [Parse]
Humanbecoming Paradigm [Parse]
Theories differ in their level of generality and abstraction. What term is used to designate a theory that attempts to explain specific phenomena, such as stress, adaptation, and unpleasant symptoms?
- Reinforcement theory
- Descriptive theory
- Middle-range theory
- Grand theory
Middle-range theory
What is the major similarity between traditional theories and conceptual models?
- They both can be classified as either grand or middle-range.
- They both use concepts as their building blocks.
- They both can be either descriptive or explanatory.
- They both involve a
logically interrelated system of propositions.
They both use concepts as their building blocks.
Every study contains which?
- A schematic model
- A conceptual model
- A framework
- A theory
A framework
Which is true of both theories and conceptual models?
- For nursing studies, they need to be borrowed
from other disciplines.
- They both contain a set of logically interrelated propositions.
- They both can be proved through research
- They are invented or created, not discovered
They are invented or created, not discovered
Several conceptual models and theories of nursing have been developed, and four concepts play key roles in most of them. Which is not a concept that is central to models of nursing?
- Health
- Social support
- Human beings
- Environment
Social support
The nurse theorist Roy developed which model?
- Adaptation Model
- Uncertainty in Illness Model
- Comfort Theory
- Health Promotion Model
Adaptation Model
The Health Promotion Model would best be described as which type of theory?
- A grounded theory
- A middle-range theory
- A descriptive theory
- A borrowed theory
A middle-range theory
Which middle-range theory developed by a nurse focuses on a person's inability to understand the meaning of illness-related events?
- Mishel's Uncertainty in Illness
Theory
- Pender's Health Promotion Model
- Kolcaba's Comfort Theory
- Beck's Theory of
Postpartum Depression
Mishel's Uncertainty in Illness
Theory
Self-efficacy is a widely used construct that was originally developed within:
- the Health Promotion Model.
- the Uncertainty in Illness Theory.
- social cognitive theory
- the health belief model
social cognitive theory
Stages of change is a construct that was developed within the:
- Theory of Reasoned Action.
- Health Belief Mode
- Transtheoretical Model.
- Theory of Planned Behavior
Transtheoretical Model.
Which is an example of a shared theory [a theory used by but not developed by nurses]?
- Mishel's Uncertainty in Illness Theory
- Pender's Health Promotion Model
- Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
- Beck's Theory
of Postpartum Depression
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
A nurse researcher studied adults' intentions to donate blood, as well as their actual donation behavior. Which theory or model did the nurse researcher likely use?
- The Health Belief Model
- The Transtheoretical Model
- The Theory of Planned Behavior
- Social Cognitive Theory
The Theory of Planned Behavior
A nurse researcher studied how a woman's practice of breast self- examination is affected by her perception of the risk of breast cancer. Which theory or model did the nurse researcher likely use?
- The Health Belief Model
- Social Cognitive Theory
- The Theory of Planned Behavior
- The Transtheoretical Model
The Health Belief Model
Which is a prominent theoretical underpinning of grounded theory?
- Materialistic theory
- Symbolic interactionism
- Substantive theory
- Ideational theory
Symbolic interactionism
Which statement is true?
- Quantitative researchers test theories that are grounded in actual observations of the phenomena of interest.
- Many quantitative researchers who cite a theory as their framework do directly
test the theory or hypotheses deduced from the theory.
- Quantitative researchers are increasingly using critical theory as the basis for testing hypotheses
- Interventions developed by nurses are based on clinical experiences, not on theory.
Many quantitative researchers who cite a theory as their framework do directly test the theory or hypotheses deduced from the theory.
An important function of a research design in a quantitative study is to exert control over which variables?
- Outcome variables
- Mediating variables
- Carryover variables
- Confounding variables
Confounding variables
Which is not a characteristic of qualitative research design?
- It often involves triangulation of data sources
- It involves minimum oversight once the study is underway
- It is flexible and can
be revised during the course of data collection
- It tends to be holistic
It involves minimum oversight once the study is underway
The term emergent design refers to a design that emerges at which point in a qualitative study?
- While the researcher is in the field collecting data
- Before the study has begun
- During the conduct of a literature review
- While the researcher develops a
conceptual framework
While the researcher is in the field collecting data
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