What is a mutually coordinated rapid smooth interaction between a caregiver and an infant called?

By his or her first birthday, a newborn's weight typically:

triples

At 12 months, Toni was malnourished. His body stopped growing, but his brain did not. This supports the concept of:

head-sparing

The brain development controls many functions. The development in discrete areas of the brain with control over different functions of perception and cognition can be seen in:

specialization in areas of the cortex

Young children quickly begin to recognize attitudes and emotions in the faces of others. Early on they can differentiate people of their same ethnic background, and read expressions of emotionality particular to that culture. The persistence of this ability, often to the detriment of reading unfamiliar expressions of emotion, is called:

the own-race effect

Where and how much a child sleeps is shaped by:

culture, brain maturation, and family situations

perception requires processing, and therefore development of the _____________.

cortex

A process that stimulates the body's immune system to defend against attack by a particular contagious disease is:

immunization

Breast-feeding reduces the risk of?

cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and asthma

Malnutrition is serious because:

some chronic and deadly diseases result directly from malnutrition

What was Beal's hypothesis?

babies sleeping better on their backs

Tertiary circular reactions are characterized by:

active independent exploration and experimentation.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) indicates that infants:

have electrical activity in areas of the brain indicating that sensations are being processed earlier than proposed by Piaget.

Recent research on early affordances provides evidence that:

even during the first year of life age makes a difference in which affordances will be perceived and then acted on.

Most developmentalists agree that very young infants can remember if:

they have repeated reminders, special measures are taken to aid memory retrieval, and they are in the same environment or context as the initial experience

When do infants begin learning language?

before birth

The typical order of spoken language development is:

reflexive, cooing, babbling, simple words

Most babies speak their first recognizable words by ________, called ________.

12 months; holophase

Cultural differences in communication appear to influence the:

ratio of nouns to verbs and adjectives

3 theories of how children learn language? Which theorists proposed them?

1) infants are taught language (social-pragmatic: Skinner) 2) they have a natural capacity for learning language (innate abilities: Chomsky) 3) they are socially programmed to communicate (behaviorism: Skinner)

Behaviorists believe that a mother who uses _________ will stimulate her child's communication skills.

reinforcement

The social-pragmatic theory of language development highlights the importance of:

social interaction (learning from others)

The first emotional expressions to emerge at birth are:

crying and contentment

Emotions that require an awareness of other people are ______, _______, and ________.

pride, shame, and embarrassment

Developmentalists agree that infants' emotional development is most directly tied to:

brain development (limbic system)

Children's personality differences that originate with nature, or genes are called:

temperamental traits

A mutually coordinated, rapid, smooth interaction between a caregiver and an infant is called:

synchrony

A lasting bond between an infant and a caregiver is called:

an attachment

One of the most influential factors that determine a child's type of attachment is the:

responsiveness of parents

When an infant looks to another person for information about how to react, he or she is engaging in:

social referencing

The theory that connects biosocial with psychosocial development is:

psychoanalytic

Which perspective suggests that parents mold an infant's emotions and personality as they reinforce or punish their child?

behaviorism

________ parenting involves close physical contact with a child, while _______ parenting involves engaging the child more intellectually.

proximal; distal

In cognitive theory there are a set of assumptions that an individual uses to organize perceptions and experience. These assumptions are called:

a working model

A theory that suggests that both infant and care givers have emotions and impulses in the social development process is:

evolutionary thoery

High-quality day care during infancy has the following essential characteristics:

1) adequate attention to each infant 2) encouragement of language and sensorimotor dev'l 3) warm responsive caregivers. 4) attention to health and safety. 5) professional care givers.

A typical 6-year-old in a developed nation- 1) weight: 2) height: 3) lean or chubby?

1) b/w 40 and 50 pounds 2) at least 3½ ft 3) looks lean

The major nutritional deficit in early childhood in DEVELOPED countries is insufficient:

iron, zinc, and calcium

The "just right" phenomenon refers to:

young children's insistence on routine.

The 2-year-old brain weighs ________ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood.

75%

The process by which axons become coated with a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron is:

myelination

The specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain is:

lateralization

What brain area is crucial for the overall expression and regulation of emotions?

limbic system

What makes gross motor skills possible?

brain maturation, motivation, guided practice

Fine motor skills require two ________ and thus ________ sides of the _________.

hands; both; brain

All forms of artistic expression blossom during which age range?

early childhood

The most common cause of death in childhood is:

accidents

Why do experts prefer the term "injury control" to the term "accident prevention"?

The use of the term "accident" suggests that no one is at fault and that certain events are inevitable.

Deliberate action that is harmful to a child's physical, emotional, or sexual well-being is the definition of:

child abuse

Improving the economic climate and decreasing financial instability to reduce child abuse is an example of:

primary prevention

What is Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6?

preoperational intelligence

According to Piaget, one of the reasons that logic is beyond young children is that:

are limited by their own personal perspective (egocentrism)

Vygotsky proposed that an important role of _________ is to assist with cognitive development

language

How has Vygotsky's theory concerning language and cognition been associated with the development of math skills?

Hearing number words in different languages can be correlated with the variation in the development of math skills from one culture to another.

The understanding that other people can have thoughts and ideas unlike one's own describes:

theory of mind

Though studies comparing preschool children from various countries found some variations, what did they identify as the primary factor in development of theory of mind?

maturation of the prefontal cortex

The term for the time when language learning is most easily and readily accomplished is:

sensitive period (6 or 7)

The process by which children develop an interconnected set of categories for words is called:

fast mapping

According to your text, it benefits their intellectual flexibility when children:

children become balanced bilingual

Preschools benefit early childhood learning by providing opportunities for children to get practice in:

math, social, and language skills

What has been a strategy Head Start has emphasized since the early days of operation?

parents and teachers must communicate and cooperate w/ each other

Child-centered programs stress children's development and growth through:

self-direction and discovery

The goal of teacher-directed early-education programs is to:

help children get "ready to learn"

What is NOT one of the long-term benefits found in the intensive, early intervention programs described in the text?

higher IQ scores in high school

What was the curricular approach in the three early intervention programs described in the text?

combo of child- and teacher-centered programs

Middle childhood is the healthiest period of the life span because:

1) motor skills mastered 2) educated about risks/more cautious 3) most illnesses occur before or after middle childhood

According to the text, school-age children's growth is:

slow and steady

According to the text, one of the benefits of physical activity is:

better school acheivement

Because of obesity, children will be less likely to: (3)

1) to attend college 2) to get married 3) find a job appropriate for their abilities

3 causes of childhood obesity?

1) genes 2) parenting 3) social influences

A chronic disease of the respiratory system in which inflammation narrows the airway is:

asthma

3 contributions to a child's ability to increase his speed of thinking?

1) repitition 2) myelination 3) automatization

IQ tests predict __________

school achievement

The developmental psychopathology perspective assumes that abnormality is ___________

normal

A lesson of developmental psychopathology that applies to all children

disabilities change year by year

A diagnosis of ADHD indicates that a child not only has problems concentrating but also is:

inattentive, impulsive, and overactive

"Learning disability" refers to:

a marked delay in a particular area of learning

3 signs of an autistic spectrum disorder are:

1) delayed language 2) impaired social responses 3) unusual and repetitive play

A document that specifies educational goals and plans for a child with special needs is referred to as a(n):

individual education plan (IEP)

"Gifted" generally refers to children with IQ scores above:

130

According to Piaget, the stage of thinking that is characteristic of middle childhood is:

concrete operational

When Piaget referred to concrete operations, he meant logic applied in situations that:

dealt with visible, tangible, real things

A significant contribution of Piaget's cognition theory is that he realized that school-age children become:(3)

1) less egocentric 2) more flexible in logic 3) capable of classification

Piaget stressed the ______________, whereas Vygotsky stressed the _________________.

child's own discovery of concepts; importance of instruction from others

Vygotsky believed that children learn from their:

peers, culture, and teachers

The information-processing perspective compares human thinking processes to:

computers

Which aspect of memory has a very large capacity by middle childhood?

long-term memory

The ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task, is called:

metacognition

A child's ability to speak formally or informally depending on the audience and the context is called:

pragmatics

Decades of research throughout the world have found a strong correlation between academic achievement and:

SES

The unrecognized rules and priorities that influence a child's learning in school are called the:

hidden curriculum

The 2001 No Child Left Behind federal law was enacted because:

to promote high standards for students

The strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second (majority) language is called:

bilingual education

A finding of international assessments is the issue of ____________________ continues to be controversial in almost every nation.

how to best teach children

According to the text, the issue with comparing and evaluating home schooling, charter schools, and voucher situations is that:

no way to tell what is considered the "best education" nor can it be measured

During Erikson's crisis of industry versus inferiority, children:

attempt to master many skills

During middle school, a child's self-concept:

becomes less imaginary/positive to more realistic/specific

Many cultures expect children to be ________, not ________.

modest, not prideful

4 Key aspects in a child's resilience is the stressed child's ability to:

1) interpret family sitch (Parentification) 2) Development of friends, activities`, and skills 3) Participation in school success and after-school activities 4) Involvement in community, church, and other programs

Recent research on shared and nonshared environmental factors and their influence on children's developing temperaments has found that:

parents' attitudes have a direct effect on the child's behavior

Family ____________ refers to the legal and genetic relationships of related people living together, and family ____________ refers to the way a family works to care for its members.

Structure; function

The two factors that interfere with family function in every structure, ethnic group, and nation are:

low income and high conflict

The difference in the psychosocial development of preoperational children as compared to that of middle-school children is that:

preoperational children's egocentrism makes them less likely to be affected by others' opinions and judgements

Older children tend to choose best friends whose:

interests, values, and backgrounds refelct their own

Which of the following is a characteristic of both aggressive-rejected and withdrawn-rejected children?

they tend to misinterpret social situations

Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person is the definition of:

bullying

A review of research on successful ways to halt bullying found that:

the whole school must change, not just the bullies

The theorist associated with the six stages of moral reasoning is:

Kohlberg

___________ thinking, which gives children the ability to observe and use logic, propels them to think about morality.

concrete operational

Puberty begins with a hormonal signal from the __________ to the _________.

hypothalamus; pituitary

A major influence on the age of onset of menarche is ___________.

genetics

In what way does stress affect puberty?

it increases the hormones that start puberty

What is important for many adolescents in every nation?

size and maturation

3 reasons adolescents are deficient in their intake of necessary vitamins and minerals:

1) healthy foods cost more. 2) unhealthy foods are more desirable. 3) vending machines in schools.

3 symptoms of bulimia nervosa:

1) binging and purging 2) compulsive overeating 3) an overuse of laxatives

According to the text, what explains why many teenagers are thrill seekers?

prefrontal cortex is immature

3 beneficial results of changes in the adolescent brain can be seen in:

1) increased myelination 2) enhanced dopamine production 3) synaptic growth (moral dev'l and openness)

What has the greatest influence on a girl's choice for her first sexual partner?

culture

According to the text, early adolescent sexual activity correlates with:

drug abuse/depression

sexual abuse increases during

early puberty