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1] The third party must show they reasonably relied, to their detriment, they held themselves out to be a partnership
2] When a person, by words spoken or written or by conduct, represents himself, or consents to another representing him or anyone, as a partner in an existing partnership or with one or more persons not actual partners, he is liable to any such person or to whom such representation has been made, who has, on the faith of
such representation, given credit to the actual or apparent partnership, and if he has made representation or consented to its being made in a public manner he is liable to such person
i. When a partnership liability results, he is liable as though he were an actual member of the partnership
ii. When no partnership liability results, he is liable jointly with the other persons, if any, so consenting to the contract or representation as to incur liability, otherwise separately
3]
There is a distinction between representation made in a public manner and private
i. If the representations is privately made, it may be taken advantage of only by persons to whom it was made; if it was publicly made, anyone can make use of it
UPA §9[1] provides that "Every partner is an agent of the partnership for the purpose of its business, and the act of every partner, including the execution in the partnership name of any instrument, for apparently
carrying on in the usual way of business of the partnership of which he is a member binds the partnership, unless the partner so acting has, in fact no authority to act for the partnership in the particular matter, and the person with whom he is dealing has knowledge of the fact that he has no such authority"
i. To show that a business is carrying on in the usual way of business, look at the other businesses of the same nature - aka industry standard
ii. An act may be necessary for the
carrying on of the business of a partnership, but when done by one partner the firm cannot be bound by it, UNLESS he has express or implied power to do the act
iii. The principle for imposing liability on the non-acting party, be the partner or ordinary principal, is that he has "held out" the actor as being empowered to perform acts of the nature of the act in question. "Holding out" is established by showing that the principal placed the agent in a position which ordinarily carries with it
generally recognized power.