Which SQL command is used to add rows to a table once its structure has been defined?
Alter a TableTimes change, needs change, and so do the requirements of your database. In the previous chapter we looked at how to create a new table in our database. There may be situations, however, where you need to alter an existing table's definition in some way. It may be the case that you need to alter a column's name, add a new column, change the data type of a column, or remove the table altogether. DDL provides a way for you to make such changes. Show
It is important to consider how schema changes will affect the data in a table. Adding an extra column to a table will add an extra column to all existing rows, just as it would in a spreadsheet. Deleting a column means all data in that column will be lost forever. Before jumping in to alter your table, take extra time to think about how the change will affect your existing data. Alter Table SyntaxExisting tables can be altered with an The basic format of an
In a moment we'll work through some specific examples of using the
Renaming a TableOne example of a change we might want to make to a table is to rename the table itself. A table can be renamed using the
On the first line above we run our SQL statement. The
PostgreSQL
is unable to find a relation (i.e. table) called
Renaming a ColumnAs well as renaming an entire table, you can also use the
We can now use
Changing a Column's DatatypeRemember when we created our table, there were two mandatory pieces of information that we needed to supply about each column: name and data type. We've already seen how to change a column's name, but there may also be situations where you need to change the column's data type. We again do this by using an
Now when we describe
Adding a ConstraintWhen we created our table, we explained that column names and data types are a
required part of each column definition, whereas constraints are optional. If we want to change a column's name or data type we need to alter the existing definition for those things. Constraints are a little different in that rather than changing them we add them to, or remove them from, the column definition (note: there is an Our The syntax for adding constraints
can vary depending on the type of constraint we're adding. Some types of constraint are considered 'table constraints' (even if they apply to a specific column) and others, such as The differences between table and column constraints are primarily syntactic. Some forms of the various commands let you specify table constraints while others require column constraints. While this can be important when writing a command, the two types of constraints have no appreciable differences. In general, Since
To add any other constraint to an existing table, you must use this syntax to add a table constraint:
The brackets around We'll look a bit more closely at adding table constraints later. For now, let's add our
Let's check what our table looks like after executing this statement.
Removing a ConstraintJust as we can add constraints to a table after creating it, we may also remove them. For most types of constraint, the same syntax can be used for both column and table constraints:
When we used a specified data type
of
After executing this statement, our table should look like this:
Adding a ColumnThus far we've looked at changing the definition of existing columns in our table. There may also be situations where you need to add an entirely new column. The product manager for our application has decided that we need to record the last login time for all of our users; let's meet this requirement by adding a If you need to add a column to the table you've created, one that was not specified in the original schema, you can use an Run this command in your psql console and follow along to see how the database changes.
The way we define a column when adding a new column to a table is essentially the same as the way we define a column when creating a table: we need to define a column name, a data type, and any optional constraints.
The command above adds a new column to the
NOW() is a SQL function. It provides the current date and time when it is called. There are many such functions available and we will look at some of the common ones in subsequent chapters. Removing a ColumnJust as we can add new columns to existing tables, we also remove columns. The command to remove a column from a table also uses the
If we describe our table now, we can see that there are only three columns, and
Dropping TablesAs well as renaming a table, altering the columns within it, and adding or removing columns, we can also remove a table from our database completely. Deleting a table has a relatively straightforward command and the syntax for deleting a table is much like the command for dropping a database,
Caution: Actions such as SummaryWhoa! We covered a lot of ground in this chapter! We've explored the general syntax for
Although the SQL statements for most of these actions use the same initial
In this section of the book we covered how to change the structure and foundation of our database and its relations. Having the database structure in place is only part of the story though; as explained earlier the schema and data work together to provide us with the structured information that we require from our database. In the next section we'll focus on using that new structure to manage data within our database, learning how to select, add, update, and delete data as needed. Before moving on to the next section, make sure that you have a clear understanding of the topics that we covered in this one at a conceptual level. You probably don't need to memorize all of the specific syntax we've covered in this set of chapters. The syntax for DDL is generally only used at the outset when first creating your database and its tables, which is much less often than when you actually work with the data in those tables. As long as you have a clear picture of how schema works, you can always refer back to this book or to the official documentation if you need to check on a particular piece of syntax. Over the next few chapters however, you should familiarize yourself as much as possible with the DML syntax which we will cover. The bulk of the time you spend working with databases will be spent manipulating data, so it is important to be as fluent as possible with the relevant commands and clauses. What command do you use to add rows to a table in SQL?The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table.
What is the name of the SQL instruction that you can use to add the results of a query to an existing table?You use an append query when you need to add new records to an existing table by using data from other sources.
How can I add two rows in a table in SQL?SQL JOIN. A JOIN clause is used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a related column between them. Notice that the "CustomerID" column in the "Orders" table refers to the "CustomerID" in the "Customers" table. The relationship between the two tables above is the "CustomerID" column.
How can you insert a new row into the store table?Click in a cell above or below where you want to add a row. Under Table Tools, on the Layout tab, do one of the following: To add a row above the cell, click Insert Above in the Rows and Columns group. To add a row below the cell, click Insert Below in the Rows and Columns group.
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