What size and type of laryngoscope blade is recommended for use in a full term newborn

Miller blades are commonly used in pediatric anesthesia; however, there is less evidence-based information on the superiority of Miller blades in the visualization of the laryngeal inlet to Macintosh blades (1,2). Therefore prospective randomized comparative studies on this field is required. Passi et al. (3) have demonstrated that, in 50 children aged between 6 months and 2 years, optimal laryngeal views could be obtained with either the Miller size 1 blades lifting the epiglottis or with Macintosh size 1 blades lifting the tongue base. Another clinical trial compared the laryngoscopic views and tracheal intubation conditions with Macintosh and Miller blades in children from 1 month to 24 months. In this study involving 120 children, similar glottic views were obtained with both blades in 43% of the children while a better view was observed with the Miller blade in 29% of the children and with the Macintosh blade in 28% (4). Direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in neonates is a procedure that mostly requires experience and constant practice (5). Neonates have a number of distinctive airway characteristics. These characteristics include the large tongue and head, the floppy, narrow U-shaped epiglottis, the larynx that is located more cephalad, and the vocal cords that are angled in an anterior-caudal position (4). Therefore, straight laryngoscope blades are recommended for use in children and infants under 2 years of age.

In neonatal tracheal intubations, Miller blade is the most frequently utilized blade (6). The reasons for this include the effective displacement of the tongue to the left of the laryngoscope with the Miller blade and the effective lifting of the long and floppy epiglottis during laryngoscopy (3). However, there is no prospective randomized and blinded comparative clinical study on this subject. The aim of the present study is to compare the glottic views with the size 0 Macintosh and Miller laryngoscope blades above and below the epiglottis.

Methods:

For the present study, the Ethics Committee approval was be obtained from the Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Science University. Written informed consent will be obtained from the parents of patients undergoing elective surgery. The study will involve ASA I or II patients under 1 month. Infants with a history of a difficult airway or diagnosed congenital syndrome, premature infants less than 37 weeks gestational age at birth, and those with acute or chronic pulmonary or neuromuscular diseases will be excluded from the study. Twenty five children undergoing elective surgery will be enrolled in the study. Infants will be randomized (using www.random.com) into two groups, the Miller and Macintosh blade groups, and whether the assigned blade is inserted above or below the epiglottis first, with allocation stored within sealed opaque envelopes until consent is obtained.

In a standard monitoring process, electrocardiogram (ECG), oxygen saturation, non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP), temperature and end-tidal CO2 pressure (EtCO2) will be monitored. Following the monitoring, anesthesia will be induced with 50% air, 50% oxygen and 8% sevoflurane. Once intravenous access is obtained, 0.5 mg/kg rocuronium will be administered. After preoxygenating with 100% oxygen and sevoflurane for 3 minutes, the assigned blade will be inserted into the mouth. All laryngoscopies will be performed by one of three paediatric anesthetists. The Miller blade will be inserted into the mouth at the right commissure and the tongue swept gently to the left. The best laryngeal view will be achieved by optimizing the head position and applying external pressure to the larynx. As described by Passi et al. (3), two laryngeal views will be obtained with the same blade in each patient: lifting the epiglottis or the tongue base. The order of the views (lifting the epiglottis or the tongue base) will be determined by randomization immediately before laryngoscopy. The laryngeal views will be photographed each time by an anesthetist using a digital Olympus camera without using flash. The camera will be optimally positioned before laryngoscopy in order to capture the best possible views. The photos will be reviewed by a blinded anesthetist using the percentage of glottic opening (POGO) score (7,8). This anesthetist will be blinded to the study hypothesis as well as which blade was used and where it was placed. We will photo the child's name and the randomization code-blade type and which view was taken before and after each photo of the larynx. Then the photos will be uploaded and the number of the photo will be recorded in the study record for the child so we will know which photo corresponds to which blade and position for each child. After all the photos are taken, they will be randomized and given to the blinded observer to measure the vocal cord span.

A thorough airway examination and identification of the patient with a potentially difficult airway are of paramount importance.

The difficult-to-ventilate, difficult-to-intubate scenario must be avoided if possible.

An organized approach, as reflected in the American Society of Anesthesiologists' Difficult Airway Algorithm, is necessary and facilitates high-quality care for patients with airway management difficulties.

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323065245000088

Preparation of the Patient for Awake Intubation

Carlos A. Artime, Antonio Sanchez, in Benumof and Hagberg's Airway Management, 2013

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Rigid laryngoscope blades of alternative designs and sizes from those routinely used; this may include a rigid fiberoptic laryngoscope

Endotracheal tubes (ETTs) of assorted sizes and styles, such as the Parker FlexTip tube (Parker Medical, Highlands Ranch, CO) or the Endotrol tube (Covidien-Nellcor, Boulder, CO)

ETT guides, such as semirigid stylets, ventilating tube changer, light wands, and forceps designed to manipulate the distal portion of the ETT

Laryngeal mask airways of assorted sizes and styles, such as the intubating laryngeal mask airway and the LMA-Proseal (LMA North America, Inc., San Diego, CA)

Fiberoptic intubation equipment

Retrograde intubation equipment

At least one device for emergency nonsurgical airway ventilation, such as a transtracheal jet ventilation stylet or the esophageal-tracheal Combitube (Kendall-Sheridan Catheter Corporation, Argyle, NY)

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