The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

36.Montel, a White university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. Ever since hereceived notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minoritystudents and staff on campus. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms ofC

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What is prejudice what are its social and emotional roots?
How is conformity best described?
What is the attribution theory designed to account?
What principle explains why we help children and others who Cannot give back as much in return?

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APA Outcome:1.1, 1.3Difficulty:MediumLO:44-1MCAT:8A, 8CPage:542Topic:Emotional roots of prejudiceType:Conceptual/Application37.Disparaging or belittling a despised outgroup provides people with a heightened sense ofC

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APA Outcome:1.3, 3.3Difficulty:DifficultLO:44-1MCAT:8A, 8CPage:543Topic:Emotional roots of prejudiceType:Factual/Definitional38.Although President Obama is of mixed race, White Americans typically perceive and labelhim as Black. Researchers believe this happens because White observers ________ thedistinctive physical features of the less-familiar Black minority.A)selectively attend toB)have negative attitudes regardingC)stereotypeD)have implicit associations about

A	B
social psychology	the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
attribution theory	explains someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.
fundamental attribution error	the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
attitude	feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.
central route persuasion	attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.
peripheral route persuasion	attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.
foot-in-the-door phenomenon	the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
role	a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.
cognitive dissonance theory	explains that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.
conformity	adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
normative social influence	results from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
informational social influence	results from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.
social facilitation	stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.
social loafing	the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.
deindividuation	the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
group polarization	the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.
groupthink	occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
culture	the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
norm	an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior; prescribe “proper” behavior.
personal space	the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.
prejudice	an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members; generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.
stereotype	a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.
discrimination	unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.
ingroup	“Us”—people with whom we share a common identity.
outgroup	"Them”—those perceived as different or apart from our own group.
ingroup bias	the tendency to favor our own group.
scapegoat theory	the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
other-race effect	the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.
just-world phenomenon	the tendency for people to believe the world is fair and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
aggression	physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.
frustration-aggression principle	the idea that aggravation—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate hostility.
mere exposure effect	the phenomenon that repeated contact with novel stimuli increases liking of them.
passionate love	an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship.
companionate love	the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.
equity	a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.
self-disclosure	revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.
altruism	unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
bystander effect	the tendency for any given passerby to be less likely to give aid if others passing by are present.
social exchange theory	the idea that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
reciprocity norm	an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
social-responsibility norm	an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.
conflict	a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.
social trap	a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.
mirror-image perceptions	mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.
self-fulfilling prophecy	a belief that leads to its own acheivement.
superordinate goals	shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.
GRIT	Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.

What is prejudice? What are its social and emotional roots? - Prejudice = unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members. - social roots = social inequalities and divisions.We tend to favor our own group (ingroup bias)

How is conformity best described?

conformity, the process whereby people change their beliefs, attitudes, actions, or perceptions to more closely match those held by groups to which they belong or want to belong or by groups whose approval they desire.

What is the attribution theory designed to account?

Attribution theory is concerned with how ordinary people explain the causes of behavior and events.

What principle explains why we help children and others who Cannot give back as much in return?

One explanation for such behavior is based on the principle of reciprocal altruism (Trivers, 1971). Reciprocal altruism is the idea that if we help other people now, they will return the favor should we need their help in the future.

Scapegoat theory

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

What is prejudice what are its social and emotional roots?

How is conformity best described?

What is the attribution theory designed to account?

What principle explains why we help children and others who Cannot give back as much in return?

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