Components Material Remark

1 Cap for plastic spike PE Red

2 Plastic Spike ABS

3 Tubing PVC Φ7mm Length 215±5mm

4 Y type connector PVC

5 Drip Chamber PVC

6 Flow Regulator ABS

7 Tubing PVC Φ7mm Length 1525±15mm

8 Small Pagoda Connector ABS

9 Latex Tubing LF Latex Free Φ9.7+0.5m Length150mm

10 Clamp ABS

Nojiri, Yoshikatsu; Okamura, Kikuo; Kinukawa, Tsuneo; Ozawa, Hideo; Saito, Shiro; Okumura, Kazuhiro; Terai, Akito; Takei, Mineo

2007-09-01

We investigated whether continuous bladder irrigation after Transurethral Resection of the Prostate [TURP] would prevent catheter obstruction by the clot. We analyzed data from 761 patients registered in "a multi-institutional study of TURP clinical pathway" sponsored by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare between 2001 and 2003. The difference of clinical backgrounds of the cases, resected weight, operating time, risk of being feverish, risk of catheter obstruction and chance of postoperative Transurethral Fulguration [TUF] between each institution were investigated. The risk factor of catheter obstruction is characterized and the significance of continuous bladder irrigation is discussed. The incidence of catheter obstruction in the four institutions, in which 90% or more of patients underwent continuous bladder irrigation, was significantly lower than that in the three institutions, in which continuous bladder irrigation was performed in selected patients whose hematuria was severe [4.4% VS 12.9%, p0.05]. Although all systems caused apical extrusion of debris and irrigant, continuous rotary instrumentation was associated with less extrusion as compared with the use of reciprocating file systems.

1. Sulforaphane for the chemoprevention of bladder cancer: molecular mechanism targeted approach PubMed Central Leone, Andrew; Diorio, Gregory; Sexton, Wade; Schell, Michael; Alexandrow, Mark; Fahey, Jed W.; Kumar, Nagi B. 2017-01-01 The clinical course for both early and late stage Bladder Cancer [BC] continues to be characterized by significant patient burden due to numerous occurrences and recurrences requiring frequent surveillance strategies, intravesical drug therapies, and even more aggressive treatments in patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease. For these reasons, BC is also the most expensive cancer to treat. Fortunately, BC offers an excellent platform for chemoprevention interventions with potential to optimize the systemic and local exposure of promising agents to the bladder mucosa. However, other than smoking cessation, there is a paucity of research that systematically examines agents for chemoprevention of bladder cancers. Adopting a systematic, molecular-mechanism based approach, the goal of this review is to summarize epidemiological, in vitro, and preclinical studies, including data regarding the safety, bioavailability, and efficacy of agents evaluated for bladder cancer chemoprevention. Based on the available studies, phytochemicals, specifically isothiocyanates such as sulforaphane, present in Brassicaceae or “cruciferous” vegetables in the precursor form of glucoraphanin are: [a] available in standardized formulations; [b] bioavailable- both systemically and in the bladder; [c] observed to be potent inhibitors of BC carcinogenesis through multiple mechanisms; and [d] without toxicities at these doses. Based on available evidence from epidemiological, in vitro, preclinical, and early phase trials, phytochemicals, specifically isothiocyanates [ITCs] such as sulforaphane [SFN] represent a promising potential chemopreventitive agent in bladder cancer. PMID:28423681
2. Current status of tissue engineering applied to bladder reconstruction in humans. PubMed Gasanz, C; Raventós, C; Morote, J 2018-01-11 Bladder reconstruction is performed to replace or expand the bladder. The intestine is used in standard clinical practice for tissue in this procedure. The complications of bladder reconstruction range from those of intestinal resection to those resulting from the continuous contact of urine with tissue not prepared for this contact. In this article, we describe and classify the various biomaterials and cell cultures used in bladder tissue engineering and reviews the studies performed with humans. We conducted a review of literature published in the PubMed database between 1950 and 2017, following the principles of the PRISM declaration. Numerous in vitro and animal model studies have been conducted, but only 18 experiments have been performed with humans, with a total of 169 patients. The current evidence suggests that an acellular matrix, a synthetic polymer with urothelial and autologous smooth muscle cells attached in vitro or stem cells would be the most practical approach for experimental bladder reconstruction. Bladder replacement or expansion without using intestinal tissue is still a challenge, despite progress in the manufacture of biomaterials and the development of cell therapy. Well-designed studies with large numbers of patients and long follow-up times are needed to establish an effective clinical translation and standardisation of the check-up functional tests. Copyright © 2017 AEU. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.
3. Mitigating global warming potentials of methane and nitrous oxide gases from rice paddies under different irrigation regimes. PubMed Ali, Muhammad Aslam; Hoque, M Anamul; Kim, Pil Joo 2013-04-01 A field experiment was conducted in Bangladesh Agricultural University Farm to investigate the mitigating effects of soil amendments such as calcium carbide, calcium silicate, phosphogypsum, and biochar with urea fertilizer on global warming potentials [GWPs] of methane [CH4] and nitrous oxide [N2O] gases during rice cultivation under continuous and intermittent irrigations. Among the amendments phosphogypsum and silicate fertilizer, being potential source of electron acceptors, decreased maximum level of seasonal CH4 flux by 25-27 % and 32-38 % in continuous and intermittent irrigations, respectively. Biochar and calcium carbide amendments, acting as nitrification inhibitors, decreased N2O emissions by 36-40 % and 26-30 % under continuous and intermittent irrigations, respectively. The total GWP of CH4 and N2O gases were decreased by 7-27 % and 6-34 % with calcium carbide, phosphogypsum, and silicate fertilizer amendments under continuous and intermittent irrigations, respectively. However, biochar amendments increased overall GWP of CH4 and N2O gases.
4. Novel Multisensor Probe for Monitoring Bladder Temperature During Locoregional Chemohyperthermia for Nonmuscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Technical Feasibility Study PubMed Central Geijsen, Debby E.; Zum Vörde Sive Vörding, Paul J.; Schooneveldt, Gerben; Sijbrands, Jan; Hulshof, Maarten C.; de la Rosette, Jean; de Reijke, Theo M.; Crezee, Hans 2013-01-01 Abstract Background and Purpose: The effectiveness of locoregional hyperthermia combined with intravesical instillation of mitomycin C to reduce the risk of recurrence and progression of intermediate- and high-risk nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer is currently investigated in clinical trials. Clinically effective locoregional hyperthermia delivery necessitates adequate thermal dosimetry; thus, optimal thermometry methods are needed to monitor accurately the temperature distribution throughout the bladder wall. The aim of the study was to evaluate the technical feasibility of a novel intravesical device [multi-sensor probe] developed to monitor the local bladder wall temperatures during loco-regional C-HT. Materials and Methods: A multisensor thermocouple probe was designed for deployment in the human bladder, using special sensors to cover the bladder wall in different directions. The deployment of the thermocouples against the bladder wall was evaluated with visual, endoscopic, and CT imaging in bladder phantoms, porcine models, and human bladders obtained from obduction for bladder volumes and different deployment sizes of the probe. Finally, porcine bladders were embedded in a phantom and subjected to locoregional heating to compare probe temperatures with additional thermometry inside and outside the bladder wall. Results: The 7.5 cm thermocouple probe yielded optimal bladder wall contact, adapting to different bladder volumes. Temperature monitoring was shown to be accurate and representative for the actual bladder wall temperature. Conclusions: Use of this novel multisensor probe could yield a more accurate monitoring of the bladder wall temperature during locoregional chemohyperthermia. PMID:24112045
5. Variable rate irrigation [VRI] USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database Variable rate irrigation [VRI] technology is now offered by all major manufacturers of moving irrigation systems, mostly on center pivot irrigation systems. Variable irrigation depths may be controlled by sector only, in which case only the speed of the irrigation lateral is regulated. Or, variable ...
6. Radiation absorbed dose to bladder walls from positron emitters in the bladder content. PubMed Powell, G F; Chen, C T 1987-01-01 A method to calculate absorbed doses at depths in the walls of a static spherical bladder from a positron emitter in the bladder content has been developed. The beta ray dose component is calculated for a spherical model by employing the solutions to the integration of Loevinger and Bochkarev point source functions over line segments and a line segment source array technique. The gamma ray dose is determined using the specific gamma ray constant. As an example, absorbed radiation doses to the bladder walls from F-18 in the bladder content are presented for static spherical bladder models having radii of 2.0 and 3.5 cm, respectively. Experiments with ultra-thin thermoluminescent dosimeters [TLD's] were performed to verify the results of the calculations. Good agreement between TLD measurements and calculations was obtained.
7. Hydrochemical characterization of a groundwater aquifer and its water quality in relation to irrigation in the Jinghuiqu irrigation district of China. PubMed Liu, Xiuhua; Li, Lin; Hu, Anyan 2013-03-01 The Jinghuiqu irrigation district is located in the semi-arid regions of northwestern China, where groundwater is the most important natural source for local industry, agriculture and residents. The present work was conducted in the Jinghuiqu irrigation district to characterize the groundwater aquifer, which has undergone long-term flood irrigation for over 2000 years. Isotopic and hydrochemical analyses, along with geological and hydrogeological tools, were used to determine the chemical properties and evolutionary processes of the groundwater aquifer. Results showed that the groundwater chemistry had changed significantly from 1990 to 2009. Water with concentrations of CaMgSO4 had decreased significantly, from 60% to 28% of the total water samples, during the period, while water with concentrations of NaSO4 and NaCl increased significantly, from 28% to 72%. The salinity of the groundwater increased rapidly and the affected area had expanded to most of the irrigation district. Stable isotope studies showed that most of the groundwater concentrations were derived from sulfate mineral dissolution. The minerals saturation indices [SI], ion ratios and oxygen isotope values of the groundwater indicated that the shallow groundwater had mainly experienced mineral dissolution, cation exchange, and mixing of the irrigated surface waters and groundwater. The groundwater quality had continuously evolved toward salinization as concentrations of SO4[2-] and Na+ grew to dominate it. Water quality risk analyses showed that most of the saline groundwater is not suitable for domestic and irrigation uses, especially in the middle and eastern parts of the irrigation district. These findings indicate that the irrigation district should strengthen the groundwater resources management.
8. Caudal clonidine-bupivicaine block with bladder hydrodistension: a novel combined treatment for the painful bladder PubMed Central Tempest, Heidi; Stoneham, Mark; Frampton, Claire; Noble, Jeremy 2011-01-01 The authors describe a new combination procedure consisting of bladder hydrodistension with clonidine-bupivicaine caudal block for the symptomatic relief of bladder pain. They report this new technique whereby patients who had tried multiple forms of therapy with little response, including bladder hydrodistension under general anaesthesia for their chronic pelvic bladder pain, responded to this novel combination therapy. PMID:22696635
9. Bladder Control and Nerve Disease MedlinePlus ... VUR] The Urinary Tract & How It Works Bladder Control Problems & Nerve Disease For the urinary system to ... the bladder do not work properly. What bladder control problems does nerve damage cause? Nerves that work ...
10. Implantable Bladder Sensors: A Methodological Review PubMed Central Dakurah, Mathias Naangmenkpeong; Koo, Chiwan; Choi, Wonseok; Joung, Yeun-Ho 2015-01-01 The loss of urinary bladder control/sensation, also known as urinary incontinence [UI], is a common clinical problem in autistic children, diabetics, and the elderly. UI not only causes discomfort for patients but may also lead to kidney failure, infections, and even death. The increase of bladder urine volume/pressure above normal ranges without sensation of UI patients necessitates the need for bladder sensors. Currently, a catheter-based sensor is introduced directly through the urethra into the bladder to measure pressure variations. Unfortunately, this method is inaccurate because measurement is affected by disturbances in catheter lines as well as delays in response time owing to the inertia of urine inside the bladder. Moreover, this technique can cause infection during prolonged use; hence, it is only suitable for short-term measurement. Development of discrete wireless implantable sensors to measure bladder volume/pressure would allow for long-term monitoring within the bladder, while maintaining the patient’s quality of life. With the recent advances in microfabrication, the size of implantable bladder sensors has been significantly reduced. However, microfabricated sensors face hostility from the bladder environment and require surgical intervention for implantation inside the bladder. Here, we explore the various types of implantable bladder sensors and current efforts to solve issues like hermeticity, biocompatibility, drift, telemetry, power, and compatibility issues with popular imaging tools such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. We also discuss some possible improvements/emerging trends in the design of an implantable bladder sensor. PMID:26620894
11. Stover removal effects on continuous corn yield and nitrogen use efficiency under irrigation USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database Corn [Zea mays L.] residue or stover is harvested as supplemental feed for livestock and is a primary feedstock for cellulosic biofuels. Limited information is available on corn residue removal effects on grain yield under different nitrogen [N] fertilizer rates, irrigation rates and amelioration pr...
12. Early initiation of aspirin after prostate and transurethral bladder surgeries is not associated with increased incidence of postoperative bleeding: a prospective, randomized trial. PubMed Ehrlich, Y; Yossepowitch, O; Margel, D; Lask, D; Livne, P M; Baniel, J 2007-08-01 Lower urinary tract operations are being increasingly performed in elderly patients, in whom aspirin intake is common for preventing cardiovascular disease. We determined the safety of early aspirin re-initiation after lower urinary tract surgeries. A randomized, open label clinical trial was done. The study cohort included patients referred for transurethral prostatectomy, open prostatectomy and transurethral resection of bladder tumor while receiving aspirin prophylaxis. After controlling for surgical modality patients were randomized into 2 arms, including aspirin treatment initiation 24 hours after discontinuing of bladder irrigation [early treatment group] and aspirin treatment initiation 3 weeks after surgery [late treatment group]. Primary end points were pre-discharge hematuria necessitating the restoration of bladder irrigation or the cessation of aspirin treatment and late hematuria treated in an urgent care setting, requiring hospital admission or compelling the cessation of aspirin treatment. A total of 120 patients were enrolled, including 60 per treatment group. There were no significant differences between the groups in surgery related factors that could have affected postoperative bleeding. Primary end points were attained by 16 of the 120 patients [13.6%], including 10 of the 60 [16.7%] in the early treatment group and 6 [10%] in the late treatment group [p = 0.28]. Time to catheter removal and persistent hematuria duration were similar in the 2 groups. Cardiovascular morbidity was noted in 3 of 120 patients, of whom all were assigned to the early treatment group. Early aspirin initiation after lower urinary tract surgeries does not appear to carry an increased risk of postoperative bleeding. Thus, it may be considered in patients at high risk for cardiovascular morbidity.
13. Role for pAKT in rat urinary bladder with cyclophosphamide [CYP]-induced cystitis PubMed Central Arms, Lauren 2011-01-01 AKT phosphorylation following peripheral nerve injury or inflammation may play a role in somatic pain processes and visceral inflammation. To examine such a role in micturition reflexes with bladder inflammation, we induced bladder inflammation in adult female Wistar rats [200–300 g] by injecting cyclophosphamide [CYP] intraperitoneally at acute [150 mg/kg; 4 h], intermediate [150 mg/kg; 48 h], and chronic [75 mg/kg; every third day for 10 days] time points. Western blot analyses of whole urinary bladders showed significant increases [P ≤ 0.01] in phosphorylated [p] AKT at all time points; however, the magnitude of AKT phosphorylation varied with duration of CYP treatment. Immunohistochemical analyses of pAKT immunoreactivity [pAKT-IR] in cryostat bladder sections demonstrated duration-dependent, significant [P ≤ 0.01] increases in pAKT-IR in both the urothelium and detrusor smooth muscle of CYP-inflamed bladders. Additionally, a suburothelial population of pAKT-IR macrophages [CD68-, MAC2-, and F4/80-positive] was present in chronic CYP-treated bladders. The functional role of pAKT in micturition was evaluated using open, conscious cystometry with continuous instillation of saline in conjunction with administration of an inhibitor of AKT phosphorylation, deguelin [1.0 μg/10 μl], or vehicle [1% DMSO in saline] in control [no inflammation] and CYP [48 h]-treated rats. Bladder capacity, void volume, and intercontraction void interval increased significantly [P ≤ 0.05] following intravesical instillation of deguelin in CYP [48 h]-treated rats. These results demonstrate increased AKT phosphorylation in the urinary bladder with urinary bladder inflammation and that blockade of AKT phosphorylation in the urothelium improves overall bladder function. PMID:21632956
14. Mediterranean irrigation under climate change: more efficient irrigation needed to compensate increases in irrigation water requirements NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Fader, M.; Shi, S.; von Bloh, W.; Bondeau, A.; Cramer, W. 2015-08-01 Irrigation in the Mediterranean is of vital importance for food security, employment and economic development. This study systematically assesses how climate change and increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations may affect irrigation requirements in the Mediterranean region by 2080-2090. Future demographic change and technological improvements in irrigation systems are accounted for, as is the spread of climate forcing, warming levels and potential realization of the CO2-fertilization effect. Vegetation growth, phenology, agricultural production and irrigation water requirements and withdrawal were simulated with the process-based ecohydrological and agro-ecosystem model LPJmL after a large development that comprised the improved representation of Mediterranean crops. At present the Mediterranean region could save 35 % of water by implementing more efficient irrigation and conveyance systems. Some countries like Syria, Egypt and Turkey have higher saving potentials than others. Currently some crops, especially sugar cane and agricultural trees, consume in average more irrigation water per hectare than annual crops. Different crops show different magnitude of changes in net irrigation requirements due to climate change, being the increases most pronounced in agricultural trees. The Mediterranean area as a whole might face an increase in gross irrigation requirements between 4 and 18 % from climate change alone if irrigation systems and conveyance are not improved [2 °C global warming combined with full CO2-fertilization effect, and 5 °C global warming combined with no CO2-fertilization effect, respectively]. Population growth increases these numbers to 22 and 74 %, respectively, affecting mainly the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean. However, improved irrigation technologies and conveyance systems have large water saving potentials, especially in the Eastern Mediterranean, and may be able to compensate to some degree the increases due to climate change and
15. Bladder Cancer—Health Professional Version Cancer.gov Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder can be low-grade or high-grade. Bladder cancer is also divided into muscle-invasive and nonmuscle-invasive disease. Find evidence-based information on bladder cancer including treatment, screening, research, and statistics.
16. [Clinical study of bladder injury]. PubMed Abe, Kazuhiro; Oishi, Yukihiko; Onodera, Syoichi; Ikemoto, Isao; Kiyota, Hiroshi; Asano, Koji; Ueda, Masataka; Wada, Tetsuro; Tashiro, Kazuya 2002-03-01 Since bladder injury has no specific clinical symptoms, accurate diagnosis at first consultation is relatively difficult. To elucidate the clinical characters type of injury, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, methods of therapy and diagnosis, we reviewed 15 patients with bladder injury over a 9-year-period 1990-1998 [10 were traumatic injuries and 5 spontaneous injuries]. We found no specific clinical symptom of bladder injury. Bladder injury may occur anywhere in the bladder wall, but most commonly occurred at the dome of the bladder [60.0%]. Gross hematuria was not seen in 40.0% of the cases. The accuracy of diagnosis at first consultation was relatively low [46.7%] and the tendency to make a misdiagnosis as acute abdomen on digestive organs was found. Of the traumatic injuries 60% were afflicted in the drunken state, so alcohol intoxication was considered as an important enviromental factor of bladder injury. Surgical repair of injury sites was employed in 11 cases [73.3%: 7 were intraperitoneal injuries, 4 were extraperitoneal injuries], 4 cases were managed with indwelling urethral catheter. With appropriate treatment, the prognosis is excellent.
17. Innovation in Bladder Cancer Immunotherapy. PubMed Grossman, H Barton; Lamm, Donald L; Kamat, Ashish M; Keefe, Stephen; Taylor, John A; Ingersoll, Molly A 2016-10-01 Bladder cancer is understudied despite its high prevalence and its remarkable response to immunotherapy. Indeed, funding for studies to explore mechanisms of tumor immunity and novel new therapeutics is disproportionately lower for bladder cancer in comparison with malignancies of the breast, prostate, or lung. However, the recent successes of checkpoint blockade therapy suggest that new therapeutic strategies are on the horizon for bladder cancer. Here, we give a perspective into the evolution of bladder cancer therapy, focusing on strategies to treat high-risk nonmuscle invasive disease, followed by a discussion of recent advances in the treatment of muscle invasive bladder cancer and their potential applicability to lower stage disease. Finally, we explore immunotherapeutic strategies, which have been demonstrated to be successful in the treatment of other malignancies, for their potential to treat and cure patients with nonmuscle and muscle invasive bladder cancer.
18. Comparative Effectiveness of New Mechanical Irrigant Agitating Devices for Debris Removal from the Canal and Isthmus of Mesial Roots of Mandibular Molars. PubMed Duque, Jussaro Alves; Duarte, Marco Antonio Hungaro; Canali, Lyz Cristina Furquim; Zancan, Rafaela Fernandes; Vivan, Rodrigo Ricci; Bernardes, Ricardo Affonso; Bramante, Clovis Monteiro 2017-02-01 The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Easy Clean [Easy Dental Equipment, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil] in continuous and reciprocating motion, passive ultrasonic irrigation [PUI], Endoactivator systems [Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland], and conventional irrigation for debris removal from root canals and isthmus. Fifty mesial roots of mandibular molars were embedded in epoxy resin using a metal muffle; afterward, the blocks containing the roots were sectioned at 2, 4, and 6 mm from the apex. After instrumentation, the roots were divided into 5 groups [n = 10] for application of the final irrigation protocol using Easy Clean in continuous rotation, Easy Clean in reciprocating motion, PUI, Endoactivator, and conventional irrigation. Scanning electron microscopic images were taken after instrumentation and after the first, second, and third activation of irrigating solution to evaluate the area of remaining debris with image J software [National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD]. The protocol of 3 irrigating solution activations for 20 seconds provided better cleaning of the canal and isthmus. On conclusion of all procedures, analysis of the canals showed a statistical difference only at 2 mm; the Easy Clean in continuous rotation was more efficient than conventional irrigation [P < .05]. On conclusion of all steps, the largest difference was observed in the isthmus in which the Easy Clean in continuous rotation was more effective than conventional irrigation at the 3 levels analyzed and the Endoactivator at 4 mm [P < .05]. The PUI promoted greater cleaning than conventional irrigation at 6 mm [P < .05]. There was no statistical difference between Easy Clean in continuous rotation, Easy Clean in reciprocating motion, and PUI [P > .05]. Irrigating solution activation methods provided better cleaning of the canal and isthmus, especially the Easy Clean used in continuous rotation. The protocol of 3 irrigating solution
19. Complications and salvage options after laser lithotripsy for a vesical calculus in a tetraplegic patient: a case report. PubMed Vaidyanathan, Subramanian; Singh, Gurpreet; Selmi, Fahed; Hughes, Peter L; Soni, Bakul M; Oo, Tun 2015-01-01 Laser lithotripsy of vesical calculi in tetraplegic subjects with long-term urinary catheters is fraught with complications because of bladder wall oedema, infection, fragile urothelium, bladder spasms, and autonomic dysreflexia. Severe haematuria should be anticipated; failure to institute measures to minimise bleeding and prevent clot retention can be catastrophic. We present an illustrative case. A tetraplegic patient underwent laser lithotripsy of vesical stone under general anaesthesia. During lithotripsy, severe bladder spasms and consequent rise in blood pressure occurred. Bleeding continued post-operatively resulting in clot retention. CT revealed clots within distended but intact bladder. Clots were sucked out and continuous bladder irrigation was commenced. Bleeding persisted; patient developed repeated clot retention. Cystoscopy was performed to remove clots. Patient developed abdominal distension. Bladder rupture was suspected; bed-side ultrasound scan revealed diffuse small bowel dilatation with mild peritoneal effusion; under-filled bladder containing small clot. Patient developed massive abdominal distension and ileus. Two days later, CT with oral positive contrast revealed intra-peritoneal haematoma at the dome of bladder with perforation at the site of haematoma. Free fluid was noted within the peritoneal cavity. This patient was managed by gastric drainage and intravenous fluids. Patient's condition improved gradually with urethral catheter drainage. Follow-up CT revealed resolution of bladder rupture, perivesical haematoma, and intra-peritoneal free fluid. If bleeding occurs, bladder irrigation should be commenced immediately after surgery to prevent clot retention. When bladder rupture is suspected, CT of abdomen should be done instead of ultrasound scan, which may not reveal bladder perforation. It is debatable whether laparotomy and repair of bladder rupture is preferable to nonoperative management in tetraplegics. Anti-muscarinic drugs should
20. The effect of bladder outlet obstruction on tissue oxygen tension and blood flow in the pig bladder. PubMed Greenland, J E; Hvistendahl, J J; Andersen, H; Jörgensen, T M; McMurray, G; Cortina-Borja, M; Brading, A F; Frøkiaer, J 2000-06-01 To investigate the effect of partial bladder outlet obstruction on detrusor blood flow and oxygen tension [PdetO2] in female pigs. Detrusor-layer oxygen tension and blood flow were measured using oxygen-sensitive electrode and radiolabelled microsphere techniques in five female Large White pigs with a partial urethral obstruction and in five sham-operated controls. The effects of chronic outlet obstruction on bladder weight, and cholinergic nerve density and distribution, are also described. In the obstructed bladders, blood flow and oxygen tension were, respectively, 54.9% and 74.3% of control values at low bladder volume, and 47.5% and 42.5% at cystometric capacity. Detrusor blood flow declined by 27.8% and 37.5% in the control and obstructed bladders, respectively, as a result of bladder filling, whilst PdetO2 did not decrease in the controls, but fell by 42.7% in the obstructed bladders. Bladder weight increased whilst cholinergic nerve density decreased in the obstructed animals. In pigs with chronic bladder outlet obstruction, blood flow and oxygen tension in the detrusor layer were lower than in control animals. In addition, increasing detrusor pressure during filling caused significantly greater decreases in blood flow and oxygen tension in the obstructed than in the control bladders.

1. Colostomy irrigation in the elderly. Effective recovery regardless of age. PubMed Venturini, M; Bertelli, G; Forno, G; Grandi, G; Dini, D 1990-12-01 One hundred forty elderly cancer outpatients with colostomy in the authors' rehabilitation department were included in an analysis of the feasibility, effectiveness, and safety of periodic irrigation of remaining colon with lukewarm tap water with the aim of regaining full continence. Sixteen patients did not have a sufficiently long remaining bowel [cecostomy, transverse colostomy] and 17 were considered unsuitable to learn the technique because of advanced neoplastic disease with poor life expectancy, intercurrent disease, or stomal problems. One hundred seven patients were proposed to perform the irrigation: 17 refused to do so with the remaining 90 able to learn the method without problems. Nearly all patients achieved full continence for at least 24 hours. Three patients refused to continue, and nine interrupted for minor complications. The median duration of irrigation in the whole group is 257 days [range, 1 to 2669 days]: 32 patients have been irrigating from one to five years, and 9 patients for more than 5 years. Based on these results, we recommend irrigation as standard rehabilitative treatment for elderly patients.
2. Mediterranean irrigation under climate change: more efficient irrigation needed to compensate for increases in irrigation water requirements NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Fader, M.; Shi, S.; von Bloh, W.; Bondeau, A.; Cramer, W. 2016-03-01 Irrigation in the Mediterranean is of vital importance for food security, employment and economic development. This study systematically assesses how climate change and increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations may affect irrigation requirements in the Mediterranean region by 2080-2090. Future demographic change and technological improvements in irrigation systems are taken into account, as is the spread of climate forcing, warming levels and potential realization of the CO2-fertilization effect. Vegetation growth, phenology, agricultural production and irrigation water requirements and withdrawal were simulated with the process-based ecohydrological and agro-ecosystem model LPJmL [Lund-Potsdam-Jena managed Land] after an extensive development that comprised the improved representation of Mediterranean crops. At present the Mediterranean region could save 35 % of water by implementing more efficient irrigation and conveyance systems. Some countries such as Syria, Egypt and Turkey have a higher savings potential than others. Currently some crops, especially sugar cane and agricultural trees, consume on average more irrigation water per hectare than annual crops. Different crops show different magnitudes of changes in net irrigation requirements due to climate change, the increases being most pronounced in agricultural trees. The Mediterranean area as a whole may face an increase in gross irrigation requirements between 4 and 18 % from climate change alone if irrigation systems and conveyance are not improved [4 and 18 % with 2 °C global warming combined with the full CO2-fertilization effect and 5 °C global warming combined with no CO2-fertilization effect, respectively]. Population growth increases these numbers to 22 and 74 %, respectively, affecting mainly the southern and eastern Mediterranean. However, improved irrigation technologies and conveyance systems have a large water saving potential, especially in the eastern Mediterranean, and may be able to
3. Chamber and eddy covariance comparisons of alternate wetting and drying and continuous flood irrigation in mid-South rice NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Reba, M. L.; Fong, B.; Adviento-Borbe, A.; Runkle, B. 2016-12-01 The subtropical humid mid-south region produces nearly 75% of US rice. Rice cultivation contributes higher amounts of GHG emissions [CO2, CH4, and N2O] due to flooded field conditions. Accurate measurements of gas fluxes are important to regional and global climate models. A comparison between eddy covariance and static vented flux chamber measurement techniques is presented. These measurements were collected in two NE Arkansas commercial rice fields in 2015 and 2016 production seasons under two irrigation treatments: Alternate Wetting and Drying [AWD] and continuous flood [CF] irrigation. AWD can reduce GHG emissions and water use compared to CF by introducing aerobic conditions that reduce methanogen activity and drained conditions decrease water loss due to seepage or evapotranspiration. N2O was measured only with vented chambers, while CO2 and CH4 were measured with both techniques. In the vented flux chamber technique, headspace gas sampling occurred at least once a week every 20 minutes for one hour of chamber closure. Gas Chromatograph equipped with ECD and FID were used to analyze gas concentrations. Eddy covariance used high frequency measurements wind and concentration measurements to determine fluxes. Chamber measurements were found to be more sensitive during seedling and early vegetative growth while eddy covariance was more sensitive after canopy closure during mid-vegetative to reproductive growth. Unlike eddy covariance which measured net CO2 exchange, flux chamber method measured only CO2 ecosystem respiration because flux measurements occurred using an opaque chamber material.
4. Root canal irrigants PubMed Central Kandaswamy, Deivanayagam; Venkateshbabu, Nagendrababu 2010-01-01 Successful root canal therapy relies on the combination of proper instrumentation, irrigation, and obturation of the root canal. Of these three essential steps of root canal therapy, irrigation of the root canal is the most important determinant in the healing of the periapical tissues. The primary endodontic treatment goal must thus be to optimize root canal disinfection and to prevent reinfection. In this review of the literature, various irrigants and the interactions between irrigants are discussed. We performed a Medline search for English-language papers published untill July 2010. The keywords used were ‘root canal irrigants’ and ‘endodontic irrigants.’ The reference lists of each article were manually checked for additional articles of relevance. PMID:21217955
5. Significant impacts of irrigation water sources and methods on modeling irrigation effects in the ACME Land Model DOE PAGES Leng, Guoyong; Leung, L. Ruby; Huang, Maoyi 2017-06-20 An irrigation module that considers both irrigation water sources and irrigation methods has been incorporated into the ACME Land Model [ALM]. Global numerical experiments were conducted to evaluate the impacts of irrigation water sources and irrigation methods on the simulated irrigation effects. All simulations shared the same irrigation soil moisture target constrained by a global census dataset of irrigation amounts. Irrigation has large impacts on terrestrial water balances especially in regions with extensive irrigation. Such effects depend on the irrigation water sources: surface-water-fed irrigation leads to decreases in runoff and water table depth, while groundwater-fed irrigation increases water table depth,more » with positive or negative effects on runoff depending on the pumping intensity. Irrigation effects also depend significantly on the irrigation methods. Flood irrigation applies water in large volumes within short durations, resulting in much larger impacts on runoff and water table depth than drip and sprinkler irrigations. Differentiating the irrigation water sources and methods is important not only for representing the distinct pathways of how irrigation influences the terrestrial water balances, but also for estimating irrigation water use efficiency. Specifically, groundwater pumping has lower irrigation water use efficiency due to enhanced recharge rates. Different irrigation methods also affect water use efficiency, with drip irrigation the most efficient followed by sprinkler and flood irrigation. Furthermore, our results highlight the importance of explicitly accounting for irrigation sources and irrigation methods, which are the least understood and constrained aspects in modeling irrigation water demand, water scarcity and irrigation effects in Earth System Models.« less
6. Significant impacts of irrigation water sources and methods on modeling irrigation effects in the ACME Land Model DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information [OSTI.GOV] Leng, Guoyong; Leung, L. Ruby; Huang, Maoyi An irrigation module that considers both irrigation water sources and irrigation methods has been incorporated into the ACME Land Model [ALM]. Global numerical experiments were conducted to evaluate the impacts of irrigation water sources and irrigation methods on the simulated irrigation effects. All simulations shared the same irrigation soil moisture target constrained by a global census dataset of irrigation amounts. Irrigation has large impacts on terrestrial water balances especially in regions with extensive irrigation. Such effects depend on the irrigation water sources: surface-water-fed irrigation leads to decreases in runoff and water table depth, while groundwater-fed irrigation increases water table depth,more » with positive or negative effects on runoff depending on the pumping intensity. Irrigation effects also depend significantly on the irrigation methods. Flood irrigation applies water in large volumes within short durations, resulting in much larger impacts on runoff and water table depth than drip and sprinkler irrigations. Differentiating the irrigation water sources and methods is important not only for representing the distinct pathways of how irrigation influences the terrestrial water balances, but also for estimating irrigation water use efficiency. Specifically, groundwater pumping has lower irrigation water use efficiency due to enhanced recharge rates. Different irrigation methods also affect water use efficiency, with drip irrigation the most efficient followed by sprinkler and flood irrigation. Furthermore, our results highlight the importance of explicitly accounting for irrigation sources and irrigation methods, which are the least understood and constrained aspects in modeling irrigation water demand, water scarcity and irrigation effects in Earth System Models.« less
7. The effect of rectal distension on bladder function in patients with overactive bladder. PubMed Akl, Mohamed N; Jacob, Kristina; Klauschie, Jennifer; Crowell, Michael D; Kho, Rosanne M; Cornella, Jeffrey L 2012-04-01 To investigate the effect of rectal distension on bladder sensation volumes and the number of detrusor contractions in patients with overactive bladder [OAB] symptoms. A prospective randomized study included patients with OAB symptoms. Multichannel urodynamic studies were completed with and without rectal balloon distension. Bladder sensation volumes and detrusor contractions were compared. Twenty-six patients were included in the study. The mean age was 67 years and mean BMI was 28.3 kg/m[2] . Bladder sensation volumes were lower with rectal distention as follows: normal desire to void [139 ml SD, ±114 vs. 197 ml SD ±150, P = 0.01], strong desire to void [260 ml SD ±171 vs. 330 ml SD ±172, P = 0.01], and maximum cystometric capacity [326 ml SD ±183 vs. 403 ml SD ±180, P = 0.0001]. There was no difference in the number of detrusor contractions or the bladder volume at which the first detrusor contraction had occurred with and without rectal distension. Rectal distention in patients with OAB symptoms significantly lowered bladder sensation volumes [normal desire, strong desire, and maximal capacity]. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
8. Updated results of bladder-sparing trimodality approach for invasive bladder cancer. PubMed Zapatero, Almudena; Martin de Vidales, Carmen; Arellano, Ramón; Bocardo, Gloria; Pérez, Mar; Ríos, Patricia 2010-01-01 To update long-term results with selective organ preservation in invasive bladder cancer using aggressive transurethral resection of bladder tumor [TURBT] and radiochemotherapy [RCT] and to identify treatment factors that may predict overall survival [OS]. Between 1990 and 2007, a total of 74 patients with T2-T4 bladder cancer were enrolled in 2 sequential bladder-sparing protocols including aggressive TURB and RCT. From 1990 to 1999, 41 patients were included in protocol no. 1 [P1] that consisted of three cycles of neoadjuvant methotrexate, cisplatin, and vinblastine [MCV] chemotherapy prior to re-evaluation and followed by radiotherapy [RT] 60 Gy in complete responders. Between 2000 and 2007, 33 patients were entered in protocol no. 2 [P2] that consisted of concurrent RCT 64, 8 Gy with weekly cisplatin. In case of invasive residual tumor or recurrence, salvage cystectomy was recommended. Primary endpoints were OS, overall survival with bladder preservation [OSB], and late toxicity. The mean follow-up for the whole series was 54 months [range 9-156], 69 months for patients in P1 and 36 months for patients in P2. The actuarial 5-year OS and OSB for all series were 72% and 60%, respectively. Distant metastases were diagnosed in 11 [15%] patients. Grade 3 late genitourinary [GU] and intestinal [GI] complications were 5% and 1.3%, respectively. There were no significant differences in the incidence of superficial recurrences [P = 0.080], muscle-invasive relapses [P = 0.722], distant metastasis [P = 0.744], grade >/=2 late complications [P = 0.217 for GU and P = 0.400 for GI], and death among the 2 protocols [P value for OS = 0.643; P value for OSB = 0.532]. These data confirm that trimodality therapy with bladder preservation represents a real alternative to radical cystectomy in selected patients, resulting in an acceptable rate of the long-term survivors retaining functional bladders. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
9. The Other Bladder Syndrome: Underactive Bladder PubMed Central Miyazato, Minoru; Yoshimura, Naoki; Chancellor, Michael B 2013-01-01 Detrusor underactivity, or underactive bladder [UAB], is defined as a contraction of reduced strength and/or duration resulting in prolonged bladder emptying and/or a failure to achieve complete bladder emptying within a normal time span. UAB can be observed in many neurologic conditions and myogenic failure. Diabetic cystopathy is the most important and inevitable disease developing from UAB, and can occur silently and early in the disease course. Careful neurologic and urodynamic examinations are necessary for the diagnosis of UAB. Proper management is focused on prevention of upper tract damage, avoidance of overdistension, and reduction of residual urine. Scheduled voiding, double voiding, al-blockers, and intermittent self-catheterization are the typical conservative treatment options. Sacral nerve stimulation may be an effective treatment option for UAB. New concepts such as stem cell therapy and neurotrophic gene therapy are being explored. Other new agents for UAB that act on prostaglandin E2 and EP2 receptors are currently under development. The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries that have a pipeline in urology and women’s health may want to consider UAB as a potential target condition. Scientific counsel and review of the current pharmaceutical portfolio may uncover agents, including those in other therapeutic fields, that may benefit the management of UAB. PMID:23671401
10. [Effects of intermittent irrigation on ecological and physiological water requirement of rice in north China]. PubMed Wang, Xiaoying; Liang, Wenju; Wen, Dazhong 2004-10-01 The ecological and physiological water requirement of rice was studied in a paddy field of north China, and the field experiment was conducted at Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Under continuous flooding irrigation [CSF] and intermittent irrigation [IT] conditions, the evapotranspiration and soil evaporation of paddy fields were measured by non-weighing lysimeters and micro-lysimeters, respectively. The results showed that compared with continuous flooding irrigation, the transpiration under intermittent irrigation condition was not significantly reduced, but 16% and 24% of water amounts were reduced by decreasing the water losses through soil water evaporation and percolation, respectively. The water use efficiency of intermittent irrigation was increased 10%, without any adverse effects on biomass and grain yield of rice. Although the amount of water requirement under IT treatment was reduced significantly compared with CSF treatment, about 60% of total water requirement was still lost through deep percolation. Based on the results obtained, the corresponding countermeasures to reduce the amounts of soil water evaporation and percolation and to increase the water use efficiency were put forward in this paper.
11. Adenoviral receptor expression of normal bladder and transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. PubMed Buscarini, Maurizio; Quek, Marcus L; Gilliam-Hegarich, Susan; Kasahara, Nori; Bochner, Bernard 2007-01-01 The insertion of absent or underexpressed genes into cancer cells to alter their malignant phenotype is an important potential application of available gene therapy technology. One of the more common viral vector systems that has been extensively studied for this purpose are the replication-deficient adenoviruses [Ad]. Adenoviral infection of cells is mediated through a complex pathway, initiated following viral-cell attachment. Adenoviral-cell attachment occurs following interactions with a 46-kDa transmembrane protein with high affinity for both the Coxsackie and adenovirus, designated the CAR [Coxsackie and adenoviral receptor]. Additional important cell-viral interactions that occur involve the alpha[v]-based integrins, specifically alpha[v]beta3 and alpha[v]beta5. The purpose of the present study was to determine the extent of expression and localization of the known Ad receptor proteins [CAR, alpha[v]beta3, and alpha[v]beta5] in normal and cancerous human bladders. Frozen tissue samples of normal bladder and invasive transitional cell cancers of the bladder were evaluated. Tissue blocks containing muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma [TCC] were obtained following radical cystectomy, which were performed at our institution. Thirty-two invasive transitional cell bladder tumors were evaluated, each with a matched sample of histologically normal-appearing bladder used as a control. Four additional samples of normal bladder were obtained from patients with no evidence of disease of the bladder and served as further controls. Three additional cases of invasive bladder cancer with no matching normal tissue were also evaluated. Identification of the CAR receptor was performed using the anti-CAR mouse monoclonal antibody designated RmBC. The integrins alpha[v]beta3 and alpha[v]beta5 were identified using the mouse monoclonal antibodies designated LM609 and P1F6 respectively. All slides were evaluated by two of the authors [M.B., B.B.] without knowledge of the
12. HAMLET treatment delays bladder cancer development. PubMed Mossberg, Ann-Kristin; Hou, Yuchuan; Svensson, Majlis; Holmqvist, Bo; Svanborg, Catharina 2010-04-01 HAMLET is a protein-lipid complex that kills different types of cancer cells. Recently we observed a rapid reduction in human bladder cancer size after intravesical HAMLET treatment. In this study we evaluated the therapeutic effect of HAMLET in the mouse MB49 bladder carcinoma model. Bladder tumors were established by intravesical injection of MB49 cells into poly L-lysine treated bladders of C57BL/6 mice. Treatment groups received repeat intravesical HAMLET instillations and controls received alpha-lactalbumin or phosphate buffer. Effects of HAMLET on tumor size and putative apoptotic effects were analyzed in bladder tissue sections. Whole body imaging was used to study HAMLET distribution in tumor bearing mice compared to healthy bladder tissue. HAMLET caused a dose dependent decrease in MB49 cell viability in vitro. Five intravesical HAMLET instillations significantly decreased tumor size and delayed development in vivo compared to controls. TUNEL staining revealed selective apoptotic effects in tumor areas but not in adjacent healthy bladder tissue. On in vivo imaging Alexa-HAMLET was retained for more than 24 hours in the bladder of tumor bearing mice but not in tumor-free bladders or in tumor bearing mice that received Alexa-alpha-lactalbumin. Results show that HAMLET is active as a tumoricidal agent and suggest that topical HAMLET administration may delay bladder cancer development. Copyright [c] 2010 American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
13. Parents of children with neurogenic bowel dysfunction: their experiences of using transanal irrigation with their child. PubMed Sanders, C; Bray, L; Driver, C; Harris, V 2014-11-01 Neurogenic bowel dysfunction in children is a lifelong condition often resulting in the need for active bowel management programmes, such as transanal irrigation. Parents are central in the decision-making process to initiate and carry out treatments until such a time their child becomes independent. Minimal research has focussed on examining parents' experiences of undertaking transanal irrigation with their child. This study aimed to explore parents' experiences of learning about and using irrigation with their child and how parents motivated their children to become independent. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with parents with experience of using transanal irrigation with their child. Interviews were undertaken by a parent researcher. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Eighteen telephone interviews [16 mothers, 1 father and 1 carer] were conducted. Parents shared how they had negotiated getting started and using transanal irrigation with their child. They discussed a sense of success derived from their confidence in using and mastering irrigation, the process of making decisions to continue or stop using irrigation and how they motivated themselves and their child to continue with the irrigation regime. Challenges included minimizing their child's distress during the irrigation procedure and how they negotiated and moved towards their child becoming independent. Despite the emotional difficulty parents experienced as a result of the invasive nature of transanal irrigation most parents reported an improvement in their child's faecal continence which positively impacted on the child and family's lives. The child's physical ability and emotional readiness to develop independent irrigation skills in the future concerned some parents. The experiences shared by parents in this study has the capacity to inform transanal irrigation nursing and medical care. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
14. Bladder Mucosal Graft Vaginoplasty: A Case Report. PubMed Chiaramonte, Cinzia; Vestri, Elettra; Tripi, Flavia; Giannone, Antonino Giulio; Cimador, Marcello; Cataliotti, Ferdinando 2018-06-18 Female vaginoplasty reconstruction, by choice, is usually performed with adjacent tissue. However in some clinical conditions such as high urogenital confluence sinus, cloacal malformation with extreme vaginal hypoplasia, local tissue may not be available. When vaginal replacement is performed in pediatric patients intestinal segments is preferred to non-operative procedures that require continuative dilations. However mucus production, malignant transformation risk and diversion colitis are important side effects. We present a nouvel technique for vaginoplasty in a female child presenting with an isolated urogenital sinus malformation without virilization. The patient at 20 months underwent vaginoplasty using tubularized bladder mucosal graft. Surgical procedure was devoid of complications. Pubertal development occurred at age of 15. She underwent regular follow up until 18 years of age. At this age we performed clinical evaluation: absence of vaginal introitus stenosis and good cosmetic results were observed. Then she underwent vaginoscopy with multiple biopsies. Pathology examination of the bladder mucosal graft evidenced a normal structure of the mucosa, with a stratified squamous epithelium. Different techniques are taken into account for vaginal reconstruction according to the severity and to the type of malformation. We describe the use of bladder mucosal graft with favorable results after long term follow-up. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc.
15. Researchers studying alternative to bladder removal for bladder cancer patients | Center for Cancer Research Cancer.gov A new phase I clinical trial conducted by researchers at the Center for Cancer Research [CCR] is evaluating the safety and tolerability, or the degree to which any side effects can be tolerated by patients, of a two-drug combination as a potential alternative to bladder removal for bladder cancer patients. The trial targets patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer
16. Reuse of reclaimed wastewater for golf course irrigation in Tunisia. PubMed Bahri, A; Basset, C; Oueslati, F; Brissaud, F 2001-01-01 In Tunisia, golf courses are irrigated with secondary treated effluent stored in landscape impoundments. The impact of the conveyance and storage steps on the physical-chemical and biological quality of irrigation water was evaluated on three golf courses over two years. It was found that the water quality varies all along the water route, from the wastewater treatment plant up to the irrigation site: nutrient and bacteria contents decreased along the route in the three cases. This variation depends on the wastewater quality, the length of the pipes conveying water, the number of regulation reservoirs and ponds, the water residence time in pipes, reservoirs and ponds, and the operation of the ponds. The bacteriological quality of irrigation water deteriorates during the irrigation period in the three golf courses as the ponds are operated as continuous flow reactors. The results obtained in this study indicate the inability of golf water supplies, as currently managed, to properly sanitize reclaimed wastewater and meet target quality criteria recommended by WHO [1989] for water intended for recreational use. For a safe reuse of reclaimed wastewater for golf course irrigation, changes in the design and operation of the ponds should be planned or additional treatment steps provided.
17. Whole-Pelvis or Bladder-Only Chemoradiation for Lymph Node-Negative Invasive Bladder Cancer: Single-Institution Experience DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information [OSTI.GOV] Tunio, Mutahir A., E-mail: drmutahirtonio@hotmail.com; Hashmi, Altaf; Qayyum, Abdul 2012-03-01 Purpose: Whole-pelvis [WP] concurrent chemoradiation [CCRT] is the standard bladder preserving option for patients with invasive bladder cancer. The standard practice is to treat elective pelvic lymph nodes, so our aim was to evaluate whether bladder-only [BO] CCRT leads to results similar to those obtained by standard WP-CCRT. Methods and Materials: Patient eligibility included histopathologically proven muscle-invasive bladder cancer, lymph nodes negative [T2-T4, N-] by radiology, and maximal transurethral resection of bladder tumor with normal hematologic, renal, and liver functions. Between March 2005 and May 2006, 230 patients were accrued. Patients were randomly assigned to WP-CCRT [120 patients] and BO-CCRTmore » [110 patients]. Data regarding the toxicity profile, compliance, initial complete response rates at 3 months, and occurrence of locoregional or distant failure were recorded. Results: With a median follow-up time of 5 years [range, 3-6], WP-CCRT was associated with a 5-year disease-free survival of 47.1% compared with 46.9% in patients treated with BO-CCRT [p = 0.5]. The bladder preservation rates were 58.9% and 57.1% in WP-CCRT and BO-CCRT, respectively [p = 0.8], and the 5-year overall survival rates were 52.9% for WP-CCRT and 51% for BO-CCRT [p = 0.8]. Conclusion: BO-CCRT showed similar rates of bladder preservation, disease-free survival, and overall survival rates as those of WP-CCRT. Smaller field sizes including bladder with 2-cm margins can be used as bladder preservation protocol for patients with muscle-invasive lymph node-negative bladder cancer to minimize the side effects of CCRT.« less
18. Duplex gall bladder: bystander or culprit. PubMed Kumar, Jogender; Yadav, Arushi 2017-08-30 Gall bladder [GB] duplication is a rare anatomical malformation, which can be detected by preoperative imaging study. We present a case of duplex gall bladder in a 14-year-old boy who presented with abdominal pain. On ultrasound, he had right nephrolithiasis and duplex gall bladder. Duplex gall bladder was confirmed on MR cholangiopancreatography. There was a dilemma for surgical management of duplex gall bladder; however, he became asymptomatic after conservative treatment. Prophylactic surgery is not recommended for asymptomatic incidentally detected duplex gall bladder. Radiologists and paediatric surgeons should be sensitised about the exact anatomy of this entity. © BMJ Publishing Group Ltd [unless otherwise stated in the text of the article] 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.
19. Research on the autumn irrigation schedule of Hetao Irrigation District of China NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Han, Y. 2016-12-01 Salinization of soil has great influence on the function of crop land, leading to the crop failure to some extent. One of the inducement of salinization is that the water pressure of frozen soil is lower than that of unfrozen, salt is drew up to the frozen layer along with water during the freezing process. To prevent the salinization of soil, people carry out the autumn irrigation in Hetao Irrigation District which located is located in Bayannur City, Inner Mongolia, north of China. Autumn irrigation is an irrigation event before the freezing of soil, the function of autumn irrigation includes soil moisture conservation, loosening the soil and leaching the salt. Among all the crop models, none is designed to simulate the water and salt movement during freezing and thawing progress. So In this study, SWAP [Soil Water Atmosphere Plant] model is modified by adding the freezing and thawing module which enable the model to take into consideration the effect of freezing and thawing on water and salt movement. After validating the modified model using field data and lab test results, the model was used to simulate the results of various autumn irrigation schedules, exploring the influence of different autumn irrigation amounts on the water, salt and heat condition and transportation of soil. Finally, proper autumn irrigation schedule was obtained to instruct the production of Hetao Irrigation District.
20. The health economics of bladder cancer: an updated review of the published literature. PubMed Yeung, Christina; Dinh, Tuan; Lee, Joseph 2014-11-01 The purpose of this paper is to provide a current view of the economic burden of bladder cancer, with a focus on the cost effectiveness of available interventions. This review updates a previous systematic review and includes 72 new papers published between 2000 and 2013. Bladder cancer continues to be one of the most common and expensive malignancies. The annual cost of bladder cancer in the USA during 2010 was $US4 billion and is expected to rise to $US5 billion by 2020. Ten years ago, urinary markers held the potential to lower treatment costs of bladder cancer. However, subsequent real-world experiments have demonstrated that further work is necessary to identify situations in which these technologies can be applied in a cost-effective manner. Adjunct cytology remains a part of diagnostic standard of care, but recent research suggests that it is not cost effective due to its low diagnostic yield. Analysis of intravesical chemotherapy after transurethral resection of bladder tumor [TURBT], neo-adjuvant therapy for cystectomy, and robot-assisted laparoscopic cystectomy suggests that these technologies are cost effective and should be implemented more widely for appropriate patients. The existing literature on the cost effectiveness of bladder cancer treatments has improved substantially since 2000. The body of work now includes many new models, registry analyses, and real-world studies. However, there is still a need for new implementation guidelines, new risk modeling tools, and a better understanding of the empirical burden of bladder cancer.

1. Pathobiology and Chemoprevention of Bladder Cancer PubMed Central Tanaka, Takuji; Miyazawa, Katsuhito; Tsukamoto, Tetsuya; Kuno, Toshiya; Suzuki, Koji 2011-01-01 Our understanding of the pathogenesis of bladder cancer has improved considerably over the past decade. Translating these novel pathobiological discoveries into therapies, prevention, or strategies to manage patients who are suspected to have or who have been diagnosed with bladder cancer is the ultimate goal. In particular, the chemoprevention of bladder cancer development is important, since urothelial cancer frequently recurs, even if the primary cancer is completely removed. The numerous alterations of both oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that have been implicated in bladder carcinogenesis represent novel targets for therapy and prevention. In addition, knowledge about these genetic alterations will help provide a better understanding of the biological significance of preneoplastic lesions of bladder cancer. Animal models for investigating bladder cancer development and prevention can also be developed based on these alterations. This paper summarizes the results of recent preclinical and clinical chemoprevention studies and discusses screening for bladder cancer. PMID:21941546
2. Gender and Bladder Cancer: A Collaborative Review of Etiology, Biology, and Outcomes. PubMed Dobruch, Jakub; Daneshmand, Siamak; Fisch, Margit; Lotan, Yair; Noon, Aidan P; Resnick, Matthew J; Shariat, Shahrokh F; Zlotta, Alexandre R; Boorjian, Stephen A 2016-02-01 The incidence of bladder cancer is three to four times greater in men than in women. However, women are diagnosed with more advanced disease at presentation and have less favorable outcomes after treatment. To review the literature on potential biologic mechanisms underlying differential gender risk for bladder cancer, and evidence regarding gender disparities in bladder cancer presentation, management, and outcomes. A literature search of English-language publications that included an analysis of the association of gender with bladder cancer was performed using Pubmed. Ninety-seven articles were selected for analysis with the consensus of all authors. It has been shown that the gender difference in bladder cancer incidence is independent of differences in exposure risk, including smoking status. Potential molecular mechanisms include disparate metabolism of carcinogens by hepatic enzymes between men and women, resulting in differential exposure of the urothelium to carcinogens. In addition, the activity of the sex steroid hormone pathway may play a role in bladder cancer development, with demonstration that both androgens and estrogens have biologic effects in bladder cancer in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, gender differences exist in the timeliness and completeness of hematuria evaluation, with women experiencing a significantly greater delay in urologic referral and undergoing guideline-concordant imaging less frequently. Correspondingly, women have more advanced tumors at the time of bladder cancer diagnosis. Interestingly, higher cancer-specific mortality has been noted among women even after adjusting for tumor stage and treatment modality. Numerous potential biologic and epidemiologic factors probably underlie the gender differences observed for bladder cancer incidence, stage at diagnosis, and outcomes. Continued evaluation to define clinical applications for manipulation of the sex steroid pathway and to improve the standardization of hematuria
3. Disulfide high mobility group box-1 causes bladder pain through bladder Toll-like receptor 4. PubMed Ma, Fei; Kouzoukas, Dimitrios E; Meyer-Siegler, Katherine L; Westlund, Karin N; Hunt, David E; Vera, Pedro L 2017-05-25 Bladder pain is a prominent symptom in several urological conditions [e.g. infection, painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis, cancer]. Understanding the mechanism of bladder pain is important, particularly when the pain is not accompanied by bladder pathology. Stimulation of protease activated receptor 4 [PAR4] in the urothelium results in bladder pain through release of urothelial high mobility group box-1 [HMGB1]. HGMB1 has two functionally active redox states [disulfide and all-thiol] and it is not known which form elicits bladder pain. Therefore, we investigated whether intravesical administration of specific HMGB1 redox forms caused abdominal mechanical hypersensitivity, micturition changes, and bladder inflammation in female C57BL/6 mice 24 hours post-administration. Moreover, we determined which of the specific HMGB1 receptors, Toll-like receptor 4 [TLR4] or receptor for advanced glycation end products [RAGE], mediate HMGB1-induced changes. Disulfide HMGB1 elicited abdominal mechanical hypersensitivity 24 hours after intravesical [5, 10, 20 μg/150 μl] instillation. In contrast, all-thiol HMGB1 did not produce abdominal mechanical hypersensitivity in any of the doses tested [1, 2, 5, 10, 20 μg/150 μl]. Both HMGB1 redox forms caused micturition changes only at the highest dose tested [20 μg/150 μl] while eliciting mild bladder edema and reactive changes at all doses. We subsequently tested whether the effects of intravesical disulfide HMGB1 [10 μg/150 μl; a dose that did not produce inflammation] were prevented by systemic [i.p.] or local [intravesical] administration of either a TLR4 antagonist [TAK-242] or a RAGE antagonist [FPS-ZM1]. Systemic administration of either TAK-242 [3 mg/kg] or FPS-ZM1 [10 mg/kg] prevented HMGB1 induced abdominal mechanical hypersensitivity while only intravesical TLR4 antagonist pretreatment [1.5 mg/ml; not RAGE] had this effect. The disulfide form of HMGB1 mediates bladder pain directly [not
4. Cotton irrigation timing with variable seasonal irrigation capacities in the Texas south plains. USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database Within the Ogallala Aquifer Region of Texas, the irrigation capacity [IC] for a given field often changes within a growing season due to seasonal depletion of the aquifer, in season changes in crop irrigation needs in dry years, or consequences of irrigation volume limits imposed by irrigation distr...
5. Water conservation in irrigation can increase water use PubMed Central Ward, Frank A.; Pulido-Velazquez, Manuel 2008-01-01 Climate change, water supply limits, and continued population growth have intensified the search for measures to conserve water in irrigated agriculture, the world's largest water user. Policy measures that encourage adoption of water-conserving irrigation technologies are widely believed to make more water available for cities and the environment. However, little integrated analysis has been conducted to test this hypothesis. This article presents results of an integrated basin-scale analysis linking biophysical, hydrologic, agronomic, economic, policy, and institutional dimensions of the Upper Rio Grande Basin of North America. It analyzes a series of water conservation policies for their effect on water used in irrigation and on water conserved. In contrast to widely-held beliefs, our results show that water conservation subsidies are unlikely to reduce water use under conditions that occur in many river basins. Adoption of more efficient irrigation technologies reduces valuable return flows and limits aquifer recharge. Policies aimed at reducing water applications can actually increase water depletions. Achieving real water savings requires designing institutional, technical, and accounting measures that accurately track and economically reward reduced water depletions. Conservation programs that target reduced water diversions or applications provide no guarantee of saving water. PMID:19015510
6. Bladder function - neurological control MedlinePlus Videos and Cool Tools ... with urine, sensory nerves send impulses to the brain indicating that the bladder is full. The sensory ... cord to relay this information. In turn, the brain sends impulses back to the bladder instructing the ...
7. Inverse effects of Polyacrylamide [PAM] usage in furrow irrigation on advance time and deep percolation. PubMed Meral, Ramazan; Cemek, Bilal; Apan, Mehmet; Merdun, Hasan 2006-10-01 The positive effects of Polyacrylamide [PAM], which is used as a soil conditioner in furrow irrigation, on sediment transport, erosion, and infiltration have been investigated intensively in recent years. However, the effects of PAM have not been considered enough in irrigation system planning and design. As a result of increased infiltration because of PAM, advance time may be inversely affected and deep percolation increases. However, advance time in furrow irrigation is a crucial parameter in order to get high application efficiency. In this study, inverse effects of PAM were discussed, and as an alternative solution, the applicability of surge flow was investigated. PAM application significantly increased the advance time at the rates of 41.3-56.3% in the first irrigation. The application of surge flow with PAM removed this negative effect on advance time, where there was no statistically significant difference according to normal continuous flow [without PAM]. PAM applications significantly increased the deep percolation, 80.3-117.1%. Surge flow with PAM had significantly positive effect on the deep percolation compared to continuous flow with PAM but not compared to normal continuous flow. These results suggested that irrigation planning should me made based on the new soil and flow conditions because of PAM usage, and surge flow can be a solution to these problems.
8. Transcriptional and Translational Plasticity in Rodent Urinary Bladder TRP Channels with Urinary Bladder Inflammation, Bladder Dysfunction or Postnatal Maturation PubMed Central Merrill, Liana; Girard, Beatrice M.; May, Victor; Vizzard, Margaret A. 2013-01-01 These studies examined transcriptional and translational plasticity of three transient receptor potential [TRP] channels [TRPA1, TRPV1, TRPV4] with established neuronal and non-neuronal expression and functional roles in the lower urinary tract. Mechanosensor and nociceptor roles in either physiological or pathological lower urinary tract states have been suggested for TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRPV4. We have previously demonstrated neurochemical, organizational and functional plasticity in micturition reflex pathways following induction of urinary bladder inflammation using the antineoplastic agent, cyclophosphamide [CYP]. More recently, we have characterized similar plasticity in micturition reflex pathways in a transgenic mouse model with chronic urothelial overexpression [OE] of nerve growth factor [NGF] and in a transgenic mouse model with deletion of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide [VIP]. In addition, the micturition reflex undergoes postnatal maturation that may also reflect plasticity in urinary bladder TRP channel expression. Thus, we examined plasticity in urinary bladder TRP channel expression in diverse contexts using a combination of quantitative, real-time PCR and western blotting approaches. We demonstrate transcriptional and translational plasticity of urinary bladder TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRVP4 expression. Although the functional significance of urinary bladder TRP channel plasticity awaits further investigation, these studies demonstrate context-[inflammation, postnatal development, NGF-OE, VIP deletion] and tissue-dependent [urothelium + suburothelium, detrusor] plasticity. PMID:22865090
9. Development of Strategies for Sustainable Irrigation Water Management in Russia NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Zeyliger, Anatoly; Ermolaeva, Olga 2013-04-01 During 1960 - 1990 years irrigated areas in Russia have increased rapidly, helping to boost agricultural output. Although the impressive achievements of irrigation in this period its large experience indicates problems and failures of irrigation water management. In addition to large water use and low irrigation water efficiency, environmental concerns [excessive water depletion, water quality reduction, water logging, soil degradation] are usually considered like the most significant problem of the irrigation sector. Despite of considerable shrinking of irrigated areas in Russia and decreasing of water withdrawal for irrigation purposes during two last decades a degradation of environment as well as degradation of soil and water resources in irrigated areas was prolonged and will probably continue if current irrigation practices are maintained. Nowadays, in different regions of Russia there are societal demand to restore agricultural irrigation in Russia as answer to challenges from climate pattern changes and degradation of land & water resources. In the respect of these demands there is a need to develop strategies for sustainability of agricultural irrigation in Russia that should be based on three main societal objectives: costeffective use of water in irrigated agriculture at farm level, and satisfactory preserving the natural environment. Therefore sustainable irrigation water management is not only an objective at farm level but also an overall goal at the local and regional as well. A way to achieve sustainability in irrigation water management is to solve the local conflicts arising from the interactions between water use at irrigation areas and surrounding environment. Thus should be based on the development of irrigation framework program including on the irrigation water management issues, policies & decisions making at federal and regional levels should be based on the indicators of environment & irrigation water efficiency monitoring promoting the
10. Survey of spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder studies using the Web of Science. PubMed Zou, Benjing; Zhang, Yongli; Li, Yucheng; Wang, Zantao; Zhang, Ping; Zhang, Xiyin; Wang, Bingdong; Long, Zhixin; Wang, Feng; Song, Guo; Wang, Yan 2012-08-15 rehabilitation, are represented in spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder studies. From our analysis of the literature and research trends, we conclude that spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder is a hot topic that will continue to generate considerable research interest in the future.
11. Effect of Alcohol on the Spreading Ability of Sodium Hypochlorite Endodontic Irrigant DTIC Science & Technology 1982-09-01 Research Progress Sodium Hypochlorite Endodontic Irrigant Report [Interim] 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 7. AU THOR[s] 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER[s...neceewary and Identify by block nam.ber] Alcohol Sodium hypochlorite Endodontics Root canal 20, ABSTRACT [Continue on reveree side If neceeseay and...depressant significantly increased the ability of the sodium hypochlorite endodontic irrigant to penetrate in vitro. A freshly mixed solution containing 30
12. Molecular biology of bladder cancer. PubMed Martin-Doyle, William; Kwiatkowski, David J 2015-04-01 Classic as well as more recent large-scale genomic analyses have uncovered multiple genes and pathways important for bladder cancer development. Genes involved in cell-cycle control, chromatin regulation, and receptor tyrosine and PI3 kinase-mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathways are commonly mutated in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Expression-based analyses have identified distinct types of bladder cancer that are similar to subsets of breast cancer, and have prognostic and therapeutic significance. These observations are leading to novel therapeutic approaches in bladder cancer, providing optimism for therapeutic progress. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
13. Sub-pixel Area Calculation Methods for Estimating Irrigated Areas. PubMed Thenkabailc, Prasad S; Biradar, Chandrashekar M; Noojipady, Praveen; Cai, Xueliang; Dheeravath, Venkateswarlu; Li, Yuanjie; Velpuri, Manohar; Gumma, Muralikrishna; Pandey, Suraj 2007-10-31 The goal of this paper was to develop and demonstrate practical methods forcomputing sub-pixel areas [SPAs] from coarse-resolution satellite sensor data. Themethods were tested and verified using: [a] global irrigated area map [GIAM] at 10-kmresolution based, primarily, on AVHRR data, and [b] irrigated area map for India at 500-mbased, primarily, on MODIS data. The sub-pixel irrigated areas [SPIAs] from coarse-resolution satellite sensor data were estimated by multiplying the full pixel irrigated areas[FPIAs] with irrigated area fractions [IAFs]. Three methods were presented for IAFcomputation: [a] Google Earth Estimate [IAF-GEE]; [b] High resolution imagery [IAF-HRI]; and [c] Sub-pixel de-composition technique [IAF-SPDT]. The IAF-GEE involvedthe use of "zoom-in-views" of sub-meter to 4-meter very high resolution imagery [VHRI]from Google Earth and helped determine total area available for irrigation [TAAI] or netirrigated areas that does not consider intensity or seasonality of irrigation. The IAF-HRI isa well known method that uses finer-resolution data to determine SPAs of the coarser-resolution imagery. The IAF-SPDT is a unique and innovative method wherein SPAs aredetermined based on the precise location of every pixel of a class in 2-dimensionalbrightness-greenness-wetness [BGW] feature-space plot of red band versus near-infraredband spectral reflectivity. The SPIAs computed using IAF-SPDT for the GIAM was within2 % of the SPIA computed using well known IAF-HRI. Further the fractions from the 2 methods were significantly correlated. The IAF-HRI and IAF-SPDT help to determine annualized or gross irrigated areas [AIA] that does consider intensity or seasonality [e.g., sum of areas from season 1, season 2, and continuous year-round crops]. The national census based irrigated areas for the top 40 irrigated nations [which covers about 90% of global irrigation] was significantly better related [and had lesser uncertainties and errors] when compared to SPIAs than
14. Discordance Between Preoperative and Postoperative Bladder Cancer Location: Implications for Partial-Bladder Radiation DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information [OSTI.GOV] Goldsmith, Benjamin; Tucker, Kai; Conway, Robert Greg 2013-03-01 Purpose: There is strong interest in partial-bladder radiation whether as a boost or definitive therapy to limit long-term toxicity. It is unclear that a standard preoperative examination can accurately identify all sites of disease within the bladder. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between preoperative localization of bladder tumors with postoperative findings to facilitate partial-bladder radiation techniques when appropriate. Methods and Materials: We examined patients with clinically staged T1-T4 invasive transitional cell carcinoma [TCC] or TCC with variant histology with no history of radiation or partial cystectomy undergoing radical cystectomy. Patients were scored as “under-detected” ifmore » a bladder site was involved with invasive disease [≥T1] at the time of cystectomy, but not identified preoperatively. Patients were additionally scored as “widely under-detected” if they had postoperative lesions that were not identified preoperatively in a given site, nor in any adjacent site. Rates of under-detected and widely under-detected lesions, as well as univariate and multivariate association between clinical variables and under-detection, were evaluated using logistic regression. Results: Among 222 patients, 96% [213/222] had at least 1 area of discordance. Fifty-eight percent of patients were under-detected in at least 1 location, whereas 12% were widely under-detected. Among 24 patients with a single site of disease on preoperative evaluation, 21/24 [88%] had at least 1 under-detected lesion and 14/24 [58%] were widely under-detected. On multivariate analysis, only solitary site of preoperative disease was associated with increased levels of under-detection of invasive disease [OR = 4.161, 95% CI, 1.368-12.657]. Conclusion: Our study shows a stark discordance between preoperative and postoperative localization of bladder tumors. From a clinical perspective, incomplete localization of all sites of disease within the
15. Clinical value of colonic irrigation in patients with continence disturbances. PubMed Briel, J W; Schouten, W R; Vlot, E A; Smits, S; van Kessel, I 1997-07-01 Continence disturbances, especially fecal soiling, are difficult to treat. Irrigation of the distal part of the large bowel might be considered as a nonsurgical alternative for patients with impaired continence. This study is aimed at evaluating the clinical value of colonic irrigation. Thirty-two patients [16 females; median age, 47 [range, 23-72] years] were offered colonic irrigation on an ambulatory basis. Sixteen patients suffered from fecal soiling [Group I], whereas the other 16 patients were treated for fecal incontinence [Group II]. Patients were instructed by enterostomal therapists how to use a conventional colostomy irrigation set to obtain sufficient irrigation of the distal part of their large bowel. Patients with continence disturbances during the daytime were instructed to introduce 500 to 1,000 ml of warm [38 degrees C] water within 5 to 10 minutes after they passed their first stool. In addition, they were advised to wait until the urge to defecate was felt. Patients with soiling during overnight sleep were advised to irrigate during the evening. To determine clinical outcome, a detailed questionnaire was used. Median duration of follow-up was 18 months. Ten patients discontinued irrigation within the first month of treatment. Symptoms resolved completely in two patients. They believed that there was no need to continue treatment any longer. Irrigation had no effect in two patients. Despite the fact that symptoms resolved, six patients discontinued treatment because they experienced pain [n = 2] or they considered the irrigation to be too time-consuming [n = 4]. Twenty-two patients are still performing irrigations. Most patients irrigated the colon in the morning after the first stool was passed. Time needed for washout varied between 10 and 90 minutes. Frequency of irrigations varied from two times per day to two times per week. In Group I, irrigation was found to be beneficial in 92 percent of patients, whereas 60 percent of patients in Group II
16. Irrigation Training Manual. Planning, Design, Operation, and Management of Small-Scale Irrigation Systems [and] Irrigation Reference Manual. A Technical Reference to Be Used with the Peace Corps Irrigation Training Manual T0076 in the Selection, Planning, Design, Operation, and Management of Small-Scale Irrigation Systems. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Salazar, LeRoy; And Others This resource for trainers involved in irrigated agriculture training for Peace Corps volunteers consists of two parts: irrigation training manual and irrigation reference manual. The complete course should fully prepare volunteers serving as irrigation, specialists to plan, implement, evaluate and manage small-scale irrigation projects in arid,…
17. Two challenges for U.S. irrigation due to climate change: increasing irrigated area in wet states and increasing irrigation rates in dry states. PubMed McDonald, Robert I; Girvetz, Evan H 2013-01-01 Agricultural irrigation practices will likely be affected by climate change. In this paper, we use a statistical model relating observed water use by U.S. producers to the moisture deficit, and then use this statistical model to project climate changes impact on both the fraction of agricultural land irrigated and the irrigation rate [m³ ha⁻¹]. Data on water withdrawals for US states [1985-2005] show that both quantities are highly positively correlated with moisture deficit [precipitation--PET]. If current trends hold, climate change would increase agricultural demand for irrigation in 2090 by 4.5-21.9 million ha [B1 scenario demand: 4.5-8.7 million ha, A2 scenario demand: 9.1-21.9 million ha]. Much of this new irrigated area would occur in states that currently have a wet climate and a small fraction of their agricultural land currently irrigated, posing a challenge to policymakers in states with less experience with strict regulation of agriculture water use. Moreover, most of this expansion will occur in states where current agricultural production has relatively low market value per hectare, which may make installation of irrigation uneconomical without significant changes in crops or practices by producers. Without significant increases in irrigation efficiency, climate change would also increase the average irrigation rate from 7,963 to 8,400-10,415 m³ ha⁻¹ [B1 rate: 8,400-9,145 m³ ha⁻¹, A2 rate: 9,380-10,415 m³ ha⁻¹]. The irrigation rate will increase the most in states that already have dry climates and large irrigation rates, posing a challenge for water supply systems in these states. Accounting for both the increase in irrigated area and irrigation rate, total withdrawals might increase by 47.7-283.4 billion m³ [B1 withdrawal: 47.7-106.0 billion m³, A2 withdrawal: 117.4-283.4 billion m³]. Increases in irrigation water-use efficiency, particularly by reducing the prevalence of surface irrigation, could eliminate the increase in total
18. Two Challenges for U.S. Irrigation Due to Climate Change: Increasing Irrigated Area in Wet States and Increasing Irrigation Rates in Dry States PubMed Central McDonald, Robert I.; Girvetz, Evan H. 2013-01-01 Agricultural irrigation practices will likely be affected by climate change. In this paper, we use a statistical model relating observed water use by U.S. producers to the moisture deficit, and then use this statistical model to project climate changes impact on both the fraction of agricultural land irrigated and the irrigation rate [m3ha−1]. Data on water withdrawals for US states [1985–2005] show that both quantities are highly positively correlated with moisture deficit [precipitation – PET]. If current trends hold, climate change would increase agricultural demand for irrigation in 2090 by 4.5–21.9 million ha [B1 scenario demand: 4.5–8.7 million ha, A2 scenario demand: 9.1–21.9 million ha]. Much of this new irrigated area would occur in states that currently have a wet climate and a small fraction of their agricultural land currently irrigated, posing a challenge to policymakers in states with less experience with strict regulation of agriculture water use. Moreover, most of this expansion will occur in states where current agricultural production has relatively low market value per hectare, which may make installation of irrigation uneconomical without significant changes in crops or practices by producers. Without significant increases in irrigation efficiency, climate change would also increase the average irrigation rate from 7,963 to 8,400–10,415 m3ha−1 [B1 rate: 8,400–9,145 m3ha−1, A2 rate: 9,380–10,415 m3ha−1]. The irrigation rate will increase the most in states that already have dry climates and large irrigation rates, posing a challenge for water supply systems in these states. Accounting for both the increase in irrigated area and irrigation rate, total withdrawals might increase by 47.7–283.4 billion m3 [B1 withdrawal: 47.7–106.0 billion m3, A2 withdrawal: 117.4–283.4 billion m3]. Increases in irrigation water-use efficiency, particularly by reducing the prevalence of surface irrigation, could eliminate the increase in
19. Factors affecting irrigant extrusion during root canal irrigation: a systematic review. PubMed Boutsioukis, C; Psimma, Z; van der Sluis, L W M 2013-07-01 The aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic review and critical analysis of published data on irrigant extrusion to identify factors causing, affecting or predisposing to irrigant extrusion during root canal irrigation of human mature permanent teeth. An electronic search was conducted in Cochrane Library, LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus and Web of Knowledge using a combination of the terms 'irrigant', 'rinse', 'extrusion', 'injection', 'complication', 'accident', 'iatrogenic', 'root canal', 'tooth' and 'endodontic'. Additional studies were identified by hand-searching of six endodontic journals and the relevant chapters of four endodontic textbooks, resulting in a total of 460 titles. No language restriction was imposed. After applying screening and strict eligibility criteria by two independent reviewers, 40 case reports and 10 ex vivo studies were included in the review. A lack of clinical studies focusing on irrigant extrusion during root canal irrigation was evident. The reviewed case reports focused mainly on the clinical manifestations and management of the accidents and did not provide adequate details on the possible factors that may influence irrigant extrusion. The data from the included ex vivo studies were inconclusive due to major methodological limitations, such as not simulating the presence of periapical tissues and not assessing the validity of irrigant detection methods. The extensive variability in the protocols employed hindered quantitative synthesis. The choice of factors investigated in ex vivo studies seems not to have been driven by the available clinical evidence. These issues need to be addressed in future studies. © 2012 International Endodontic Journal. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
20. Current management of overactive bladder. PubMed Cartwright, Rufus; Renganathan, Arasee; Cardozo, Linda 2008-10-01 The concept of overactive bladder has helped us address the problem of urgency and urge incontinence from a symptomatic perspective. In this review, we provide a critical summary of clinically relevant recent publications, focusing in particular on advances in our understanding of assessment methods and therapeutic interventions for overactive bladder in women. According to current definitions, the prevalence of overactive bladder in western nations is now estimated as 13.0%. Although the prevalence increases with age, the symptoms of overactive bladder may follow a relapsing and remitting course. There has been a proliferation of validated symptom and quality of life measures and increasing sophistication in the analysis of bladder diaries. The role of urodynamics in the evaluation of urgency remains uncertain, with many trials showing limited benefit as a preoperative investigation. Fluid restriction and bladder retraining remain important first-line interventions. Many new anticholinergic medications have been licensed, with limited benefits compared with existing preparations. Intravesical botulinum toxin has become a popular alternative for patients who fail oral therapies. Although there have been few important therapeutic innovations, recent publications have led to greater sophistication in assessment methods and a clearer understanding of the role of existing interventions.

1. Researchers studying alternative to bladder removal for bladder cancer patients | Center for Cancer Research Cancer.gov A new phase I clinical trial conducted by researchers at the Center for Cancer Research [CCR] is evaluating the safety and tolerability, or the degree to which any side effects can be tolerated by patients, of a two-drug combination as a potential alternative to bladder removal for bladder cancer patients. The trial targets patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer [NMIBC] whose cancers have stopped responding to traditional therapies. Read more...
2. An orthotopic model of murine bladder cancer. PubMed Dobek, Georgina L; Godbey, W T 2011-02-06 In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and subsequent cell adhesion. After their bladders are transurethrally catheterized and drained, animals are again catheterized to permit insertion of a platinum wire into bladders without damaging the urethra or bladder. The catheters are made of Teflon to serve as an insulator for the wire, which will conduct electrical current into the bladder to create a burn injury. An electrocautery unit is used to deliver 2.5W to the exposed end of the wire, burning away extracellular layers and providing attachment sites for carcinoma cells that are delivered in suspension to the bladder through a subsequent catheterization. Cells remain in the bladder for 90 minutes, after which the catheters are removed and the bladders allowed to drain naturally. The development of tumor is monitored via ultrasound. Specific attention is paid to the catheterization technique in the accompanying video.
3. Irrigated Agriculture and Water Resources in the Western U.S. [Invited] NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Trout, T. J. 2013-12-01 Agriculture in semi-arid areas such as the western U.S. was created by diverting and pumping water from rivers and groundwater. With that water, highly productive irrigated agriculture produces 40% of the crop value and the large majority of the fruits, vegetables, and nuts in the U.S. Irrigation water use and area is declining in the West, due both to overexploitation and increasing competing needs, although productivity continues to increase. The challenges for irrigated agriculture are to maximize productivity per unit of water consumed, minimize negative environmental impacts, and make water available to other needs while sustaining food production and rural economies. Meeting these challenges require both technical and policy advances.
4. Bladder volume-dependent excitatory and inhibitory influence of lumbosacral dorsal and ventral roots on bladder activity in rats PubMed Central Sugaya, Kimio; de Groat, William C. 2011-01-01 This study was undertaken to examine the role of the afferent and efferent pathways of the lumbosacral spinal nerve roots in the tonic control of bladder activity. Changes of isovolumetric bladder activity were recorded in 21 sympathectomized female rats under urethane anesthesia following transection of the dorsal [DRT] and ventral [VRT] lumbosacral spinal roots, and after intraperitoneal administration of hexamethonium. DRT altered the baseline intravesical pressure in a bladder volume-dependent manner in each animal. The percent change of baseline pressure after VRT following DRT was also dependent upon bladder volume. The percent change of baseline pressure after VRT alone was similarly dependent on bladder volume, but not after VRT followed by DRT. The percent change of baseline intravesical pressure [y][−9 to +8 cm H2O, −56 to +46%] after DRT and VRT depended upon bladder volume [x][y = 44.7 x −40.4] in all rats. Hexamethonium increased the amplitude of small myogenic bladder contractions after DRT and VRT. In conclusion, the bladder is tonically excited or inhibited by a local reflex pathway and by a parasympathetic reflex pathway that depends on connections with the lumbosacral spinal cord and the pelvic nerves. Both reflex mechanisms are influenced by bladder volume. PMID:17878597
5. Estimation of bladder wall location in ultrasound images. PubMed Topper, A K; Jernigan, M E 1991-05-01 A method of automatically estimating the location of the bladder wall in ultrasound images is proposed. Obtaining this estimate is intended to be the first stage in the development of an automatic bladder volume calculation system. The first step in the bladder wall estimation scheme involves globally processing the images using standard image processing techniques to highlight the bladder wall. Separate processing sequences are required to highlight the anterior bladder wall and the posterior bladder wall. The sequence to highlight the anterior bladder wall involves Gaussian smoothing and second differencing followed by zero-crossing detection. Median filtering followed by thresholding and gradient detection is used to highlight as much of the rest of the bladder wall as was visible in the original images. Then a 'bladder wall follower'--a line follower with rules based on the characteristics of ultrasound imaging and the anatomy involved--is applied to the processed images to estimate the bladder wall location by following the portions of the bladder wall which are highlighted and filling in the missing segments. The results achieved using this scheme are presented.
6. Suprapubic Bladder Aspiration in Neonates PubMed Central Akierman, Albert R. 1987-01-01 Suprapubic bladder aspiration in neonates is a simple, safe, and useful technique for collection of sterile urine. The procedure can be performed in the hospital or office. Neither sedation nor local anesthetic is required. Suprapubic bladder aspiration of urine is the preferred method of collecting urine for culture in septic neonates. The technique is also indicated to verify urinary tract infection in neonates. Suprapubic bladder aspiration is contraindicated in the presence of abdominal distension or an empty bladder. Carefully and properly performed, the risk of complications should be negligible, and the success rate in obtaining urine is 90%. ImagesFigure 1Figure 2 PMID:21263980
7. Association of bladder sensation measures and bladder diary in patients with urinary incontinence. PubMed King, Ashley B; Wolters, Jeff P; Klausner, Adam P; Rapp, David E 2012-04-01 Investigation suggests the involvement of afferent actions in the pathophysiology of urinary incontinence. Current diagnostic modalities do not allow for the accurate identification of sensory dysfunction. We previously reported urodynamic derivatives that may be useful in assessing bladder sensation. We sought to further investigate these derivatives by assessing for a relationship with 3-day bladder diary. Subset analysis was performed in patients without stress urinary incontinence [SUI] attempting to isolate patients with urgency symptoms. No association was demonstrated between bladder diary parameters and urodynamic derivatives [r coefficient range [-0.06 to 0.08][p > 0.05]]. However, subset analysis demonstrated an association between detrusor overactivity [DO] and bladder urgency velocity [BUV], with a lower BUV identified in patients without DO. Subset analysis of patients with isolated urgency/urge incontinence identified weak associations between voiding frequency and FSR [r = 0.39] and between daily incontinence episodes and BUV [r = 0.35]. However, these associations failed to demonstrate statistical significance. No statistical association was seen between bladder diary and urodynamic derivatives. This is not unexpected, given that bladder diary parameters may reflect numerous pathologies including not only sensory dysfunction but also SUI and DO. However, weak associations were identified in patients without SUI and, further, a statistical relationship between DO and BUV was seen. Additional research is needed to assess the utility of FSR/BUV in characterizing sensory dysfunction, especially in patients without concurrent pathology [e.g. SUI, DO].
8. Effects of vitamin D analog on bladder function and sensory signaling in animal models of cystitis. PubMed Shapiro, Bennett; Redman, T Lawton; Zvara, Peter 2013-02-01 To measure the effects of nonhypercalcemic vitamin D receptor agonist elocalcitol on bladder function in rats with cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis and on bladder function and sensory nerve activity in a mouse with acetic acid-evoked bladder irritation. Female Wistar rats and male Balb/C mice were gavaged once daily with elocalcitol diluted in miglyol 812 [treatment group] or miglyol alone [control group]. On experimental day 12, polyethylene tubing was implanted into the urinary bladder in all the animals. In the mice, a bipolar electrode was positioned under a single postganglionic bladder nerve. At 48 hours after surgery, bladder function was measured in awake, freely moving rats during bladder filling with 0.9% NaCl and both bladder function and sensory nerve activity was measured in awake, restrained mice during continuous intravesical infusion of 0.9% NaCl followed by 0.25% acetic acid. In rats, the treatment group showed a significant increase in bladder capacity and decrease in number of nonvoiding bladder contractions. In mice, the filling pressure during saline infusion was similar in both groups; however, during acetic acid infusion, the average filling pressure was significantly increased [47%] in the control group but not in the elocalcitol treatment group. The firing rate at filling pressure for the treatment group was 3.6-fold and 2.7-fold lower than that in the control group during the saline and acetic acid infusion, respectively. Oral treatment with elocalcitol suppressed signs of detrusor overactivity in both animal models and exerted strong suppressive effect on urinary bladder sensory signaling during filling in mice. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
9. Estimation of Infiltration Parameters and the Irrigation Coefficients with the Surface Irrigation Advance Distance PubMed Central Beibei, Zhou; Quanjiu, Wang; Shuai, Tan 2014-01-01 A theory based on Manning roughness equation, Philip equation and water balance equation was developed which only employed the advance distance in the calculation of the infiltration parameters and irrigation coefficients in both the border irrigation and the surge irrigation. The improved procedure was validated with both the border irrigation and surge irrigation experiments. The main results are shown as follows. Infiltration parameters of the Philip equation could be calculated accurately only using water advance distance in the irrigation process comparing to the experimental data. With the calculated parameters and the water balance equation, the irrigation coefficients were also estimated. The water advance velocity should be measured at about 0.5 m to 1.0 m far from the water advance in the experimental corn fields. PMID:25061664
10. Bladder perforation associated with hot tub. PubMed Kopp, Ryan P; Dato, Paul E; Sur, Roger L 2011-01-01 Bladder perforation is a rare and life-threatening event. Timely diagnosis may prevent further injury-related morbidity and mortality. Aim. To present a case of bladder injury associated with masturbation in a hot tub. This report describes a case of bladder perforation in a 54-year-old female who presented to the emergency department 2 days after masturbation with a water jet. Following percutaneous drainage and intraoperative closure of the bladder, the patient was discharged on postoperative day four and has had no sequelae. Cross-sectional imaging and cystography can facilitate immediate diagnosis and expeditious treatment of bladder injury associated with masturbation in a hot tub. © 2010 International Society for Sexual Medicine.
11. Mediterranean agriculture: More efficient irrigation needed to compensate increases in future irrigation water requirements NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Fader, Marianela; Shi, Sinan; von Bloh, Werner; Bondeau, Alberte; Cramer, Wolfgang 2016-04-01 Irrigation in the Mediterranean is of vital importance for food security, employment and economic development. Our research shows that, at present, Mediterranean region could save 35% of water by implementing more efficient irrigation and conveyance systems. Some countries like Syria, Egypt and Turkey have higher saving potentials than others. Currently some crops, especially sugar cane and agricultural trees, consume in average more irrigation water per hectare than annual crops [1]. Also under climate change, more efficient irrigation is of vital importance for counteracting increases in irrigation water requirements. The Mediterranean area as a whole might face an increase in gross irrigation requirements between 4% and 18% from climate change alone by the end of the century if irrigation systems and conveyance are not improved. Population growth increases these numbers to 22% and 74%, respectively, affecting mainly the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean. However, improved irrigation technologies and conveyance systems have large water saving potentials, especially in the Eastern Mediterranean, and may be able to compensate to some degree the increases due to climate change and population growth. Both subregions would need around 35% more water than today if they could afford some degree of modernization of irrigation and conveyance systems and benefit from the CO2-fertilization effect [1]. However, in some scenarios [in this case as combinations of climate change, irrigation technology, influence of population growth and CO2-fertilization effect] water scarcity may constrain the supply of the irrigation water needed in future in Algeria, Libya, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Serbia, Morocco, Tunisia and Spain [1]. In this study, vegetation growth, phenology, agricultural production and irrigation water requirements and withdrawal were simulated with the process-based ecohydrological and agro-ecosystem model LPJmL ["Lund-Potsdam-Jena managed Land"] after a
12. Downregulation of glutathione S-transferase M1 protein in N-butyl-N-[4-hydroxybutyl]nitrosamine-induced mouse bladder carcinogenesis DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information [OSTI.GOV] Chuang, Jing-Jing; Dai, Yuan-Chang; Lin, Yung-Lun 2014-09-15 Bladder cancer is highly recurrent following specific transurethral resection and intravesical chemotherapy, which has prompted continuing efforts to develop novel therapeutic agents and early-stage diagnostic tools. Specific changes in protein expression can provide a diagnostic marker. In our present study, we investigated changes in protein expression during urothelial carcinogenesis. The carcinogen BBN was used to induce mouse bladder tumor formation. Mouse bladder mucosa proteins were collected and analyzed by 2D electrophoresis from 6 to 20 weeks after commencing continuous BBN treatment. By histological examination, the connective layer of the submucosa showed gradual thickening and the number of submucosal capillaries graduallymore » increased after BBN treatment. At 12-weeks after the start of BBN treatment, the urothelia became moderately dysplastic and tumors arose after 20-weeks of treatment. These induced bladder lesions included carcinoma in situ and connective tissue invasive cancer. In protein 2D analysis, the sequentially downregulated proteins from 6 to 20 weeks included GSTM1, L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain, keratin 8, keratin 18 and major urinary proteins 2 and 11/8. In contrast, the sequentially upregulated proteins identified were GSTO1, keratin 15 and myosin light polypeptide 6. Western blotting confirmed that GSTM1 and NQO-1 were decreased, while GSTO1 and Sp1 were increased, after BBN treatment. In human bladder cancer cells, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine increased the GSTM1 mRNA and protein expression. These data suggest that the downregulation of GSTM1 in the urothelia is a biomarker of bladder carcinogenesis and that this may be mediated by DNA CpG methylation. - Highlights: • GSTM1 and NQO-1 proteins decreased in the mouse bladder mucosa after BBN treatment. • BBN induced GSTO1 and Sp1 protein expression in the mouse bladder mucosa. • 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine increased GSTM1 mRNA and protein in human bladder cancer cell. • GSTM1
13. Urgency: the cornerstone symptom of overactive bladder. PubMed Brubaker, Linda 2004-12-01 Urgency, defined as the compelling feeling of impending incontinence that is difficult to defer, is the cornerstone symptom of overactive bladder. Unfortunately, controversy continues to surround this term and its definition, a fact that has constrained the performance of clinical research in this field. It is important to note that the definition assumes an abnormal sensation that is distinguishable from the normal feeling of "urge to void," which occurs during a normal bladder-filling cycle. The cause of urgency is not fully understood and may vary from patient to patient. Urgency may be controlled by central nervous system mechanisms, lower urinary tract mechanisms, including detrusor myogenic functions [ie, overt detrusor contractions, micromotions, myofibroblast abnormalities], or afferent neural factors. Recently, a number of articles that attempt to quantify urgency have appeared in the literature. Attempts to measure urgency are confounded by difficulties in understanding its definition, the context of normal urge to void, and the power of suggestion in most clinical environments.
14. Nomograms Predicting Response to Therapy and Outcomes After Bladder-Preserving Trimodality Therapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information [OSTI.GOV] Coen, John J., E-mail: jcoen@harthosp.org; Paly, Jonathan J.; Niemierko, Andrzej 2013-06-01 Purpose: Selective bladder preservation by use of trimodality therapy is an established management strategy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Individual disease features have been associated with response to therapy, likelihood of bladder preservation, and disease-free survival. We developed prognostic nomograms to predict the complete response rate, disease-specific survival, and likelihood of remaining free of recurrent bladder cancer or cystectomy. Methods and Materials: From 1986 to 2009, 325 patients were managed with selective bladder preservation at Massachusetts General Hospital [MGH] and had complete data adequate for nomogram development. Treatment consisted of a transurethral resection of bladder tumor followed by split-course chemoradiation. Patientsmore » with a complete response at midtreatment cystoscopic assessment completed radiation, whereas those with a lesser response underwent a prompt cystectomy. Prognostic nomograms were constructed predicting complete response [CR], disease-specific survival [DSS], and bladder-intact disease-free survival [BI-DFS]. BI-DFS was defined as the absence of local invasive or regional recurrence, distant metastasis, bladder cancer-related death, or radical cystectomy. Results: The final nomograms included information on clinical T stage, presence of hydronephrosis, whether a visibly complete transurethral resection of bladder tumor was performed, age, sex, and tumor grade. The predictive accuracy of these nomograms was assessed. For complete response, the area under the receiving operating characteristic curve was 0.69. The Harrell concordance index was 0.61 for both DSS and BI-DFS. Conclusions: Our nomograms allow individualized estimates of complete response, DSS, and BI-DFS. They may assist patients and clinicians making important treatment decisions.« less
15. Augmentation cystoplasty in neurogenic bladder PubMed Central Kocjancic, Ervin; Demirdağ, Çetin 2016-01-01 The aim of this review is to update the indications, contraindications, technique, complications, and the tissue engineering approaches of augmentation cystoplasty [AC] in patients with neurogenic bladder. PubMed/MEDLINE was searched for the keywords "augmentation cystoplasty," "neurogenic bladder," and "bladder augmentation." Additional relevant literature was determined by examining the reference lists of articles identified through the search. The update review of of the indications, contraindications, technique, outcome, complications, and tissue engineering approaches of AC in patients with neurogenic bladder is presented. Although some important progress has been made in tissue engineering AC, conventional AC still has an important role in the surgical treatment of refractory neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. PMID:27617312
16. AMTB, a TRPM8 channel blocker: evidence in rats for activity in overactive bladder and painful bladder syndrome. PubMed Lashinger, Erin S R; Steiginga, Matthew S; Hieble, J Paul; Leon, Lisa A; Gardner, Scott D; Nagilla, Rakesh; Davenport, Elizabeth A; Hoffman, Bryan E; Laping, Nicholas J; Su, Xin 2008-09-01 The activation of the TRPM8 channel, a member of the large class of TRP ion channels, has been reported to be involved in overactive bladder and painful bladder syndrome, although an endogenous activator has not been identified. In this study, N-[3-aminopropyl]-2-{[[3-methylphenyl] methyl]oxy}-N-[2-thienylmethyl]benzamide hydrochloride salt [AMTB] was evaluated as a TRPM8 channel blocker and used as a tool to evaluate the effects of this class of ion channel blocker on volume-induced bladder contraction and nociceptive reflex responses to noxious bladder distension in the rat. AMTB inhibits icilin-induced TRPM8 channel activation as measured in a Ca[2+] influx assay, with a pIC[50] of 6.23. In the anesthetized rat, intravenous administration of AMTB [3 mg/kg] decreased the frequency of volume-induced bladder contractions, without reducing the amplitude of contraction. The nociceptive response was measured by analyzing both visceromotor reflex [VMR] and cardiovascular [pressor] responses to urinary bladder distension [UBD] under 1% isoflurane. AMTB [10 mg/kg] significantly attenuated reflex responses to noxious UBD to 5.42 and 56.51% of the maximal VMR response and pressor response, respectively. The ID50 value on VMR response was 2.42 +/- 0.46 mg/kg. These results demonstrate that TRPM8 channel blocker can act on the bladder afferent pathway to attenuate the bladder micturition reflex and nociceptive reflex responses in the rat. Targeting TRPM8 channel may provide a new therapeutic opportunity for overactive bladder and painful bladder syndrome.
17. A unified EM approach to bladder wall segmentation with coupled level-set constraints PubMed Central Han, Hao; Li, Lihong; Duan, Chaijie; Zhang, Hao; Zhao, Yang; Liang, Zhengrong 2013-01-01 Magnetic resonance [MR] imaging-based virtual cystoscopy [VCys], as a non-invasive, safe and cost-effective technique, has shown its promising virtue for early diagnosis and recurrence management of bladder carcinoma. One primary goal of VCys is to identify bladder lesions with abnormal bladder wall thickness, and consequently a precise segmentation of the inner and outer borders of the wall is required. In this paper, we propose a unified expectation-maximization [EM] approach to the maximum-a-posteriori [MAP] solution of bladder wall segmentation, by integrating a novel adaptive Markov random field [AMRF] model and the coupled level-set [CLS] information into the prior term. The proposed approach is applied to the segmentation of T1-weighted MR images, where the wall is enhanced while the urine and surrounding soft tissues are suppressed. By introducing scale-adaptive neighborhoods as well as adaptive weights into the conventional MRF model, the AMRF model takes into account the local information more accurately. In order to mitigate the influence of image artifacts adjacent to the bladder wall and to preserve the continuity of the wall surface, we apply geometrical constraints on the wall using our previously developed CLS method. This paper not only evaluates the robustness of the presented approach against the known ground truth of simulated digital phantoms, but further compares its performance with our previous CLS approach via both volunteer and patient studies. Statistical analysis on experts’ scores of the segmented borders from both approaches demonstrates that our new scheme is more effective in extracting the bladder wall. Based on the wall thickness calibrated from the segmented single-layer borders, a three-dimensional virtual bladder model can be constructed and the wall thickness can be mapped on to the model, where the bladder lesions will be eventually detected via experts’ visualization and/or computer-aided detection. PMID:24001932
18. Real-time data acquisition and telemetry based irrigation control system DOEpatents Slater, John M.; Svoboda, John M. 2005-12-13 A data acquisition and telemetry based control system for use in facilitating substantially real time management of an agricultural irrigation system. The soil moisture sensor includes a reader and a plurality of probes. The probes each include an electronic circuit having a moisture sensing capacitor in operative communication with the soil whose moisture is to be measured. Each probe also includes a receive/transmit antenna and the reader includes a transmit/receive antenna, so that as the reader passes near the probe, the reader transmits a digital excitation signal to the electronic circuit of the biodegradable probe via an inductive couple formed between the transmit/receive antenna of the reader and the receive/transmit coil of the probe. The electronic circuit uses an energy component of the excitation signal to generate a digital data signal which indicates the moisture content of the soil adjacent to the moisture sensing capacitor. The probe sends the data signal to the reader which then uses the data signal to develop a corresponding set of watering instructions which are then transmitted to a control module in communication with the irrigation system. The control module sends corresponding control signals to nozzles of the irrigation system causing the irrigation system to disperse water in a manner consistent with the moisture content data transmitted by the probes to the reader. Because the irrigation system moves continuously through the field to be irrigated, the moisture content data acquisition and resultant water dispersal by the irrigation system occur substantially in real time.
19. Advances in Irrigation NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Gardner, W. R. This is the first volume of Advances in Irrigation, a new serial publication by the publishers of Advances in Agronomy and Advances in Hydroscience and designed to follow the same format. The editor is a well-known researcher and writer on irrigation and related subjects and has assembled a collection of highly regarded and respected authors for the initial volume. The readership for this volume will probably be mainly specialists and students interested in irrigation and an occasional design engineer.The seven contributions in this volume fall roughly into two classes: research and practice. Three papers [“Conjunctive Use of Rainfall and Irrigation in Semi-arid Regions,” by Stewart and Musik, “Irrigation Scheduling Using Soil Moisture Measurements: Theory and Practice,” by G. S. and M. D. Campbell, and “Use of Solute Transport Models to Estimate Salt Balance Below Irrigated Cropland,” by Jury] cover topics that have been the subject of a number of reviews. The contributions here provide brief, well-written, and authoritative summaries of the chosen topics and serve as good introductions or reviews. They should lend themselves well to classroom use in various ways. They also should be helpful to the nonspecialist interested in getting a sense of the subject without going into great detail.
20. Biofabricated Structures Reconstruct Functional Urinary Bladders in Radiation-injured Rat Bladders. PubMed Imamura, Tetsuya; Shimamura, Mitsuru; Ogawa, Teruyuki; Minagawa, Tomonori; Nagai, Takashi; Silwal Gautam, Sudha; Ishizuka, Osamu 2018-05-08 The ability to repair damaged urinary bladders through the application of bone marrow-derived cells is in the earliest stages of development. We investigated the application of bone marrow-derived cells to repair radiation-injured bladders. We used a three-dimensional [3D] bioprinting robot system to biofabricate bone marrow-derived cell structures. We then determined if the biofabricated structures could restore the tissues and functions of radiation-injured bladders. The bladders of female 10-week-old Sprague-Dawley [SD] rats were irradiated with 2-Gy once a week for 5 weeks. Adherent and proliferating bone marrow-derived cells harvested from the femurs of male 17-week-old green fluorescence protein-transfected Tg-SD rats were cultured in collagen-coated flasks. Bone marrow-derived cell spheroids were formed in 96-well plates. Three layers of spheroids were assembled by the bioprinter onto a 9x9 microneedle array. The assembled spheroids were perfusion cultured for 7 days, and then the microneedle array was removed. Two weeks after the last radiation treatment, the biofabricated structures were transplanted into an incision on the anterior wall of the bladders [n=10]. Control rats received the same surgery but without the biofabricated structures [sham-structure, n=12]. At 2 and 4 weeks after surgery, the sham-structure control bladder tissues exhibited disorganized smooth muscle layers, decreased nerve cells, and significant fibrosis with increased presence of fibrosis-marker P4HB-positive cells and hypoxia-marker HIF1α-positive cells. The transplanted structures survived within the recipient tissues, and blood vessels extended within them from the recipient tissues. The bone marrow-derived cells in the structures differentiated into smooth muscle cells and formed smooth muscle clusters. The recipient tissues near the transplanted structures had distinct smooth muscle layers and reconstructed nerve cells, and only minimal fibrosis with decreased presence of P4

1. Implementation of efficient irrigation management for a sustainable agriculture. LIFE+ project IRRIMAN NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Pérez-Pastor, Alejandro; Garcia-Vila, Margarita; Gamero-Ojeda, Pedro; Ascensión Carmona, M.°; Hernandez, David; José Alarcón, Juan; Nicolás, Emilio; Nortes, Pedro; Aroca, Antonio; María de la Rosa, Jose; Zornoza, Raúl; Faz, Ángel; Molina, Angel; Torres, Roque; Ruiz, Manuel; Calatrava, Javier 2016-04-01 In water scarcity areas, it must be highlighted that the maximum productions of the crops do not necessarily imply maximum profitability. Therefore, during the last years a special interest in the development of deficit irrigation strategies based on significant reductions of the seasonal ET without affecting production or quality has been observed. The strategies of regulated deficit irrigation [RDI] are based on the reduction of water supply during non critical periods, the covering of water needs during critical periods and maximizing, at the same time, the production by unit of applied water. But its success greatly depends on the adequate application of the water deficit and requires a continuous and precise control of the plant and soil water status to adjust the water supplies at every crop phenological period. The main objective of this project is to implement, demonstrate and disseminate a sustainable irrigation strategy based on deficit irrigation to promote its large scale acceptance and use in woody crops in Mediterranean agroecosystems, characterized by water scarcity, without affecting the quality standards demanded by exportation markets. With the adoption of this irrigation management we mean to ensure efficient use of water resources, improving quantitative water management, preserving high level of water quality and avoiding misuse and deterioration of water resources. The adoption of efficient irrigation will also lead to increments in water productivity, increments in the potential carbon fixation of the agroecosystem, and decrease energy costs of pressurized irrigation, together with mitigation and adaptation to climate change. The project will achieve the general objective by implication of farmers, irrigation communities, agronomists, industry, consultants, associations and public administration, by increments in social awareness for sustainable irrigation benefits, optimization of irrigation scheduling, improvements in technology, and
2. Soil salinisation and irrigation management of date palms in a Saharan environment. PubMed Haj-Amor, Zied; Ibrahimi, Mohamed-Khaled; Feki, Nissma; Lhomme, Jean-Paul; Bouri, Salem 2016-08-01 The continuance of agricultural production in regions of the world with chronic water shortages depends upon understanding how soil salinity is impacted by irrigation practises such as water salinity, irrigation frequency and amount of irrigation. A two-year field study was conducted in a Saharan oasis of Tunisia [Lazala Oasis] to determine how the soil electrical conductivity was affected by irrigation of date palms with high saline water. The study area lacked a saline shallow water table. Field results indicate that, under current irrigation practises, soil electrical conductivity can build up to levels which exceed the salt tolerance of date palm trees. The effects of irrigation practises on the soil electrical conductivity were also evaluated using model simulations [HYDRUS-1D] of various irrigation regimes with different frequencies, different amounts of added water and different water salinities. The comparison between the simulated and observed results demonstrated that the model gave an acceptable estimation of water and salt dynamics in the soil profile, as indicated by the small values of root mean square error [RMSE] and the high values of the Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient [NSE]. The simulations demonstrated that, under field conditions without saline shallow groundwater, saline irrigation water can be used to maintain soil electrical conductivity and soil water content at safe levels [soil electrical conductivity 0.04 cm[3] cm[-3]] if frequent irrigations with small amounts of water [90 % of the evapotranspiration requirements] were applied throughout the year.
3. Detrusor expulsive strength is preserved, but responsiveness to bladder filling and urinary sensitivity is diminished in the aging mouse PubMed Central DeAngelis, Anthony; Kuchel, George A. 2012-01-01 The prevalence of urinary symptoms increases with age and is a significant source of distress, morbidity, and expense in the elderly. Recent evidence suggests that symptoms in the aged may result from sensory dysfunction, rather than abnormalities of detrusor performance. Therefore, we employed a pressure/flow multichannel urethane-anesthetized mouse cystometry model to test the hypothesis that in vivo detrusor performance does not degrade with aging. Secondarily, we sought to evaluate sensory responsiveness to volume using pressure-volume data generated during bladder filling. Cystometric data from 2-, 12-, 22-, and 26-mo-old female C57BL6 mice were compared. All 2- and 12-mo-old mice, 66% of 22-mo-old mice, and 50% of 26-mo-old mice responded to continuous bladder filling with periodic reflex voiding. Abdominal wall contraction with voiding had a minimal contribution to expulsive pressure, whereas compliance pressure was a significant contributor. Maximum bladder pressure, estimated detrusor pressure, detrusor impulse [pressure-time integral], as well as indices of detrusor power and work, did not decrease with aging. Bladder precontraction pressures decreased, compliance increased, and nonvoiding contraction counts did not change with increasing age. Intervoid intervals, per-void volumes, and voiding flow rates increased with age. Calculations approximating wall stress during filling suggested loss of bladder volume sensitivity with increasing age. We conclude that aging is associated with an impaired ability to respond to the challenge of continuous bladder filling with cyclic voiding, yet among responsive animals, voiding detrusor contraction strength does not degrade with aging in this murine model. Furthermore, indirect measures suggest that bladder volume sensitivity is diminished. Thus, changes in homeostatic reserve and peripheral and/or central sensory mechanisms may be important contributors to aging-associated changes in bladder function. PMID:22204955
4. Modelling Water Flow through Paddy Soils under Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation Practice NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Shekhar, S.; Mailapalli, D. R.; Das, B. S.; Raghuwanshi, N. S. 2017-12-01 Alternate wetting and drying [AWD] irrigation practice in paddy cultivation requires an optimum soil moisture stress [OSMS] level at which irrigation water savings can be maximized without compromising the yield reduction. Determining OSMS experimentally is challenging and only possible with appropriate modeling tools. In this study, field experiments on paddy were conducted in thirty non-weighing type lysimeters during dry seasons of 2016 and 2017. Ten plots were irrigated using continuous flooding [CF] and the rest were irrigated with AWD practice at 40mb and 75mb soil moisture stress levels. Depth of ponding and soil suction at 10, 40 and 70 cm from the soil surface were measured daily from all lysimeter plots. The measured field data were used in calibration and validation of Hydrus-1D model and simulated the water flow for both AWD and CF plots. The Hydrus-1D is being used to estimate OSMS for AWD practice and compared the seasonal irrigation water input and deep percolation losses with CF practice.
5. Inhibitory effects of silodosin on the bladder mechanosensitive afferent activities and their relation with bladder myogenic contractions in male rats with bladder outlet obstruction. PubMed Aizawa, Naoki; Watanabe, Daiji; Fukuhara, Hiroshi; Fujimura, Tetsuya; Kume, Haruki; Homma, Yukio; Igawa, Yasuhiko 2018-03-06 We investigated the effects of silodosin, an α1A-adrenoceptor [AR] antagonist, on bladder function, especially on non-voiding contractions [NVCs], in a male rat model of bladder outlet obstruction [BOO] by evaluating cystometry [CMG] findings and bladder mechanosensitive single-unit afferent activities [SAAs], related with microcontractions, which may be similar with NVCs and to be of myogenic origin, in the rat model. BOO was created by partial ligation of the posterior urethra. At 4 days after surgery for BOO, an osmotic pump filled with silodosin [0.12 mg/kg/day] or its vehicle was subcutaneously implanted. At 10 days after surgery, CMG and SAAs measurements were taken under conscious and urethane-anesthetized conditions, respectively. The SAAs of Aδ- and C-fibers, which were identified by electrical stimulation of the pelvic nerve and by bladder distention, and intravesical pressure were recorded during constant bladder-filling with saline. Microcontractions were divided into three phases: "ascending," "descending," and "stationary." The silodosin-treated group showed a smaller number of NVCs in CMG measurements and lower SAAs of both Aδ- and C-fibers than the vehicle-treated group during bladder-filling. Moreover, in the vehicle-treated groups, the SAAs of both fibers for the ascending phase of microcontractions were significantly higher than those for the other two phases. On the contrary, no significant change was found between any of these three phases in the silodosin-treated group. The present results suggest that silodosin inhibits the SAAs of mechanosensitive Aδ- and C-fibers at least partly due to suppressing myogenic bladder contractions in male BOO rats. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
6. Automation of irrigation systems to control irrigation applications and crop water use efficiency USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database Agricultural irrigation management to slow water withdrawals from non-replenishing quality water resources is a global endeavor and vital to sustaining irrigated agriculture and dependent rural economies. Research in site-specific irrigation management has shown that water use efficiency, and crop p...
7. Advances in sprinkler irrigation management USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database Sprinkler irrigation is being increasingly adopted in the US and worldwide because it offers increased crop water productivity over what is possible with gravity irrigation. Most sprinkler irrigation is by center pivot, which is presently used on about 50 and 80 percent of land irrigated in the US a...
8. Planning for deficit irrigation USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database Irrigators with limited water supplies that lead to deficit irrigation management need to make decisions about crop selection, water allocations to each crop, and irrigation schedules. Many of these decisions need to occur before the crop is planted and depend on yield-evapotranspiration [ET] and yi...
9. Adapting irrigated agriculture to drought in the San Joaquin Valley of California USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database Webster’s dictionary defines drought as a continuous state of dryness but does not identify a cause for that dryness, just the existence. Irrigated agriculture is in a continuous state of drought by definition, simply because water is supplied by stored surface or groundwater supplies. This results ...
10. Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Impaired Bladder Emptying PubMed Central Yoshimura, Naoki; Chancellor, Michael B 2004-01-01 Although much attention is paid to urinary incontinence, the condition of incomplete bladder emptying is becoming more common with the aging of the US population and the widespread use of anticholinergic drugs to treat overactive bladder. This disorder can often be silent until end-stage presentation of overflow incontinence. In this article, we review the pathophysiologic conditions of the bladder and urethra that can cause impaired bladder emptying and discuss how to evaluate and screen the patient with a bladder that does not empty. In addition, we provide an overview of treatment options available for impaired bladder emptying and consider the research that is under way to find the best therapies for the failing bladder. PMID:16985851
11. Bladder Control Problems: Medications for Treating Urinary Incontinence MedlinePlus Bladder control: Medications for urinary problems Learn about medications used to treat bladder control problems, including how they work to treat urinary ... your doctor's suggestions for bladder retraining. But bladder control remains a problem. What else can you do? ...
12. Management of vesicoureteral reflux in neurogenic bladder. PubMed Wu, Charlotte Q; Franco, Israel 2017-06-01 Vesicoureteral reflux [VUR] is a significant risk factor for pyelonephritis and renal scarring. VUR can occur through a defective ureterovesical junction [UVJ] or an overwhelmed normal UVJ mechanism such as in bladder dysfunction of congenital, acquired, or behavioral etiology. There are numerous causes for the development of a neurogenic bladder from spinal dysraphisms to spinal cord trauma and even centrally based abnormalities in children with apparently normal motor function [inappropriately termed nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder]. The foundation of managing reflux in these neurogenic bladders is to maintain low bladder pressures which will commonly mean that compliance will be normal as well. There have been several publications that have shown that if bladder pressures are lowered simply with clean intermittent catheterization and medications that the reflux can resolve spontaneously. Alternatively, the patients that are in need of bladder augmentation can have spontaneous resolution of their reflux with the resulting increase in capacity. Surgical intervention is called for when bladder capacity is adequate and the reflux persists or if it is part of a larger operation to increase capacity and to manage outlet resistance. In some instances, reimplantation is necessary because the ureters interfere with the bladder neck procedure. Aside from open and robotic surgical intervention the use of endoscopic injectable agents is beginning to become more popular especially when combined with intravesical botulinum toxin A injections. Great strides are being made in the management of patients with neurogenic bladders and we are seeing more choices for the urologist to be able to manage these patients.
13. Restoration of bladder function in spastic neuropathic bladder using sacral deafferentation and different techniques of neurostimulation. PubMed Schumacher, S; Bross, S; Scheepe, J R; Alken, P; Jünemann, K P 1999-01-01 Conventional sacral anterior root stimulation [SARS] results in simultaneous activation of both the detrusor muscle and the external urethral sphincter. We evaluated the possibilities of different neurostimulation techniques to overcome stimulation induced detrusor-sphincter-dyssynergia and to achieve a physiological voiding. The literature was reviewed on different techniques of sacral anterior root stimulation of the bladder and the significance of posterior rhizotomy in patients with supraconal spinal cord injury suffering from the loss of voluntary bladder control, detrusor hyperreflexia and sphincter spasm. The achievement of selective detrusor activation would improve current sacral neurostimulation of the bladder, including the principle of "poststimulus voiding". This is possible with the application of selective neurostimulation in techniques of anodal block, high frequency block, depolarizing prepulses and cold block. Nowadays, sacral deafferentation is a standard therapy in combination with neurostimulation of the bladder because in conclusion advantages of complete rhizotomy predominate. The combination of sacral anterior root stimulation and sacral deafferentation is a successful procedure for restoration of bladder function in patients with supraconal spinal cord injury. Anodal block technique and cryotechnique are excellent methods for selective bladder activation to avoid detrusor-sphincter-dyssynergia and thus improve stimulation induced voiding.
14. Bladder filling variation during conformal radiotherapy for rectal cancer NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Sithamparam, S.; Ahmad, R.; Sabarudin, A.; Othman, Z.; Ismail, M. 2017-05-01 Conformal radiotherapy for rectal cancer is associated with small bowel toxicity mainly diarrhea. Treating patients with a full bladder is one of the practical solutions to reduce small bowel toxicity. Previous studies on prostate and cervix cancer patients revealed that maintaining consistent bladder volume throughout radiotherapy treatment is challenging. The aim of this study was to measure bladder volume variation throughout radiotherapy treatment. This study also measured the association between bladder volume changes and diarrhea. Twenty two rectal cancer patients were recruited prospectively. Patients were planned for treatment with full bladder following departmental bladder filling protocol and the planning bladder volume was measured during CT-simulation. During radiotherapy, the bladder volume was measured weekly using cone-beam computed tomography [CBCT] and compared to planning bladder volume. Incidence and severity of diarrhea were recorded during the weekly patient review. There was a negative time trend for bladder volume throughout five weeks treatment. The mean bladder volume decreased 18 % from 123 mL [SD 54 mL] during CT-simulation to 101 mL [SD 71 mL] on the 5th week of radiotherapy, but the decrease is not statistically significant. However, there was a large variation of bladder volume within each patient during treatment. This study showed an association between changes of bladder volume and diarrhea [P = 0.045]. In conclusion bladder volume reduced throughout radiotherapy treatment for conformal radiotherapy for rectal cancer and there was a large variation of bladder volume within patients.
15. Irrigation efficiency and quality of irrigation return flows in the Ebro River Basin: an overview. PubMed Causapé, J; Quílez, D; Aragüés, R 2006-06-01 The review analysis of twenty two irrigation efficiency [IE] studies carried out in the Ebro River Basin shows that IE is low [average IE][avg][= 53%] in surface-irrigated areas with high-permeable and shallow soils inadequate for this irrigation system, high [IE][avg][= 79%] in surface-irrigated areas with appropriate soils for this system, and very high [IE][avg][= 94%] in modern, automated and well managed sprinkler-irrigated areas. The unitary salt [total dissolved solids] and nitrate loads exported in the irrigation return flows [IRF] of seven districts vary, depending on soil salinity and on irrigation and N fertilization management, between 3-16 Mg salt/ha x year and 23-195 kg NO][3] [-]-N/ha x year, respectively. The lower nitrate loads exported from high IE districts show that a proper irrigation design and management is a key factor to reduce off-site nitrogen pollution. Although high IE's also reduce off-site salt pollution, the presence of salts in the soil or subsoil may induce relatively high salt loads [>or=14 Mg/ha x year] even in high IE districts. Two important constrains identified in our revision were the short duration of most surveys and the lack of standards for conducting irrigation efficiency and mass balance studies at the irrigation district level. These limitations {emphasize the need for the establishment of a permanent and standardized network of drainage monitoring stations for the appropriate off-site pollution diagnosis and control of irrigated agriculture.
16. Irrigation mitigates against heat extremes NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Thiery, Wim; Fischer, Erich; Visser, Auke; Hirsch, Annette L.; Davin, Edouard L.; Lawrence, Dave; Hauser, Mathias; Seneviratne, Sonia I. 2017-04-01 Irrigation is an essential practice for sustaining global food production and many regional economies. Emerging scientific evidence indicates that irrigation substantially affects mean climate conditions in different regions of the world. Yet how this practice influences climate extremes is currently unknown. Here we use gridded observations and ensemble simulations with the Community Earth System Model to assess the impacts of irrigation on climate extremes. While the influence of irrigation on annual mean temperatures is limited, we find a large impact on temperature extremes, with a particularly strong cooling during the hottest day of the year [-0.78 K averaged over irrigated land]. The strong influence on hot extremes stems from the timing of irrigation and its influence on land-atmosphere coupling strength. Together these effects result in asymmetric temperature responses, with a more pronounced cooling during hot and/or dry periods. The influence of irrigation is even more pronounced when considering subgrid-scale model output, suggesting that local effects of land management are far more important than previously thought. Finally we find that present-day irrigation is partly masking GHG-induced warming of extreme temperatures, with particularly strong effects in South Asia. Our results overall underline that irrigation substantially reduces our exposure to hot temperature extremes and highlight the need to account for irrigation in future climate projections.
17. The simulation of cropping pattern to improve the performance of irrigation network in Cau irrigation area NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Wahyuningsih, Retno; Rintis Hadiani, RR; Sobriyah 2017-01-01 Cau irrigation area located in Madiun district, East Java Province, irrigates 1.232 Ha of land which covers Cau primary channel irrigation network, Wungu Secondary channel irrigation network, and Grape secondary channel irrigation network. The problems in Cau irrigation area are limited availability of water especially during the dry season [planting season II and III] and non-compliance to cropping patterns. The evaluation of irrigation system performance of Cau irrigation area needs to be done in order to know how far the irrigation system performance is, especially based on planting productivity aspect. The improvement of irrigation network performance through cropping pattern optimization is based on the increase of water necessity fulfillment [k factor], the realization of planting area and rice productivity. The research method of irrigation system performance is by analyzing the secondary data based on the Regulation of Ministry of Public Work and State Minister for Public Housing Number: 12/PRT/M/2015. The analysis of water necessity fulfillment [k factor] uses Public Work Plan Criteria Method. The performance level of planting productivity aspect in existing condition is 87.10%, alternative 1 is 93.90% dan alternative 2 is 96.90%. It means that the performance of the irrigation network from productivity aspect increases 6.80% for alternative 1 and 9.80% for alternative 2.
18. Irrigation trends in Kansas, 1991-2011 USGS Publications Warehouse Kenny, Joan F.; Juracek, Kyle E. 2013-01-01 This fact sheet examines trends in total reported irrigation water use and acres irrigated as well as irrigation water use by crop type and system type in Kansas for the years 1991 through 2011. During the 21-year period, total reported irrigation water diversions varied substantially from year to year as affected primarily by climatic fluctuations. Total reported acres irrigated remained comparatively constant during this time, although acreages of irrigated corn increased and center pivots with drop nozzles became the dominant system type used for irrigation.
19. Energy requirements in pressure irrigation systems NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Sánchez, R.; Rodríguez-Sinobas, L.; Juana, L.; Laguna, F. V.; Castañón, G.; Gil, M.; Benítez, J. 2012-04-01 Modernization of irrigation schemes, generally understood as transformation of surface irrigation systems into pressure -sprinkler and trickle- irrigation systems, aims at, among others, improving irrigation efficiency and reduction of operation and maintenance efforts made by the irrigators. However, pressure irrigation systems, in contrast, carry a serious energy cost. Energy requirements depend on decisions taken on management strategies during the operation phase, which are conditioned by previous decisions taken on the design project of the different elements which compose the irrigation system. Most of the countries where irrigation activity is significant bear in mind that modernization irrigation must play a key role in the agricultural infrastructure policies. The objective of this study is to characterize and estimate the mean and variation of the energy consumed by common types of irrigation systems and their management possibilities. The work includes all processes involved from the diversion of water into irrigation specific infrastructure to water discharge by the emitters installed on the crop fields. Simulation taking into account all elements comprising the irrigation system has been used to estimate the energy requirements of typical irrigation systems of several crop production systems. It has been applied to extensive and intensive crop systems, such us extensive winter crops, summer crops and olive trees, fruit trees and vineyards and intensive horticulture in greenhouses. The simulation of various types of irrigation systems and management strategies, in the framework imposed by particular cropping systems, would help to develop criteria for improving the energy balance in relation to the irrigation water supply productivity.
20. The modern staged repair of classic bladder exstrophy: a detailed postoperative management strategy for primary bladder closure. PubMed Stec, Andrew A; Baradaran, Nima; Schaeffer, Anthony; Gearhart, John P; Matthews, Ranjiv I 2012-10-01 Successful primary bladder closure of classic bladder exstrophy sets the stage for development of adequate bladder capacity and eventual voided continence. The postoperative pathway following primary bladder closure at the authors' institution is quantitatively and qualitatively detailed. Sixty-five consecutive newborns [47 male] undergoing primary closure of classic bladder exstrophy were identified and data were extracted relating to immediate postoperative care. Overall success rate was utilized to validate the pathway. Mean age at time of primary closure was 4.6 days and mean hospital stay was 35.8 days. Osteotomy was performed in 19 patients [mean age 8.8 days], and was not required in 39 infants [mean age 2.9 days]. All patients were immobilized for 4 weeks. Tunneled epidural analgesia was employed in 61/65 patients. All patients had ureteral catheters and a suprapubic tube, along with a comprehensive antibiotic regimen. Postoperative total parenteral nutrition was commonly administered, and enteral feedings started around day 4.6. Our success rate of primary closure was 95.4%. A detailed and regimented plan for bladder drainage, immobilization, pain control, nutrition, antimicrobial prophylaxis, and adequate healing time is a cornerstone for the postoperative management of the primary closure of bladder exstrophy. Copyright © 2011 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Wall shear stress effects of different endodontic irrigation techniques and systems. PubMed Goode, Narisa; Khan, Sara; Eid, Ashraf A; Niu, Li-na; Gosier, Johnny; Susin, Lisiane F; Pashley, David H; Tay, Franklin R 2013-07-01 This study examined débridement efficacy as a result of wall shear stresses created by different irrigant delivery/agitation techniques in an inaccessible recess of a curved root canal model. A reusable, curved canal cavity containing a simulated canal fin was milled into mirrored titanium blocks. Calcium hydroxide [Ca[OH]2] paste was used as debris and loaded into the canal fin. The titanium blocks were bolted together to provide a fluid-tight seal. Sodium hypochlorite was delivered at a previously-determined flow rate of 1 mL/min that produced either negligible or no irrigant extrusion pressure into the periapex for all the techniques examined. Nine irrigation delivery/agitation techniques were examined: NaviTip passive irrigation control, Max-i-Probe[®] side-vented needle passive irrigation, manual dynamic agitation [MDA] using non-fitting and well-fitting gutta-percha points, EndoActivator™ sonic agitation with medium and large points, VPro™ EndoSafe™ irrigation system, VPro™ StreamClean™ continuous ultrasonic irrigation and EndoVac apical negative pressure irrigation. Débridement efficacies were analysed with Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and Dunn's multiple comparisons tests [α=0.05]. EndoVac was the only technique that removed more than 99% calcium hydroxide debris from the canal fin at the predefined flow rate. This group was significantly different [p 0.1]. BladderScan BVI9400 had the ability of high accuracy and good stability of measured data. In view of quick and conveniences, BVI9400 could be as auxiliary equipment on pelvic tumor to evaluate whether the bladder volume during fractional radiotherapy was consistency with that during CT positioning.
2. Common theme for drugs effective in overactive bladder treatment: Inhibition of afferent signaling from the bladder PubMed Central Hood, Brandy; Andersson, Karl-Erik 2013-01-01 The overactive bladder syndrome and detrusor overactivity are conditions that can have major effects on quality of life and social functioning. Antimuscarinic drugs are still first-line treatment. These drugs often have good initial response rates, but adverse effects and decreasing efficacy cause long-term compliance problems, and alternatives are needed. The recognition of the functional contribution of the urothelium/suburothelium, the autonomous detrusor muscle activity during bladder filling and the diversity of nerve transmitters involved has sparked interest in both peripheral and central modulation of overactive bladder syndrome/detrusor overactivity pathophysiology. Three drugs recently approved for treatment of overactive bladder syndrome/detrusor overactivity [mirabegron, tadalafil and onabotulinum toxin A], representing different pharmacological mechanisms; that is, β-adrenoceptor agonism, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibition, and inhibition of nerve release of efferent and afferent transmitters, all seem to have one effect in common: inhibition of the afferent nervous activity generated by the bladder during filling. In the present review, the different mechanisms forming the pharmacological basis for the use of these drugs are discussed. PMID:23072271
3. Irrigation water sources and irrigation application methods used by U.S. plant nursery producers NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Paudel, Krishna P.; Pandit, Mahesh; Hinson, Roger 2016-02-01 We examine irrigation water sources and irrigation methods used by U.S. nursery plant producers using nested multinomial fractional regression models. We use data collected from the National Nursery Survey [2009] to identify effects of different firm and sales characteristics on the fraction of water sources and irrigation methods used. We find that regions, sales of plants types, farm income, and farm age have significant roles in what water source is used. Given the fraction of alternative water sources used, results indicated that use of computer, annual sales, region, and the number of IPM practices adopted play an important role in the choice of irrigation method. Based on the findings from this study, government can provide subsidies to nursery producers in water deficit regions to adopt drip irrigation method or use recycled water or combination of both. Additionally, encouraging farmers to adopt IPM may enhance the use of drip irrigation and recycled water in nursery plant production.
4. Wireless sensor networks for irrigation management USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database Sustaining an adequate food supply for the world's population will require advancements in irrigation technology and improved irrigation management. Site-specific irrigation and automatic irrigation scheduling are examples of strategies to deal with declining arable land and limited fresh water reso...
5. Scintigraphic assessment of colostomy irrigation. PubMed Christensen, P.; Olsen, N.; Krogh, K.; Laurberg, S. 2002-09-01 OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate colonic transport following colostomy irrigation with a new scintigraphic technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To label the bowel contents 19 patients [11 uncomplicated colostomy irrigation, 8 complicated colostomy irrigation] took 111In-labelled polystyrene pellets one and two days before investigation. 99mTc-DTPA was mixed with the irrigation fluid to assess its extent within the bowel. Scintigraphy was performed before and after a standardized washout procedure. The colon was divided into three segments 1: the caecum andascending colon; 2: the transverse colon; 3: the descending and sigmoid colon. Assuming ordered evacuation of the colon, the contribution of each colonic segment to the total evacuation was expressed as a percentage of the original segmental counts. These were added to reach a total defaecation score [range: 0-300]. RESULTS: In uncomplicated colostomy irrigation, the median defaecation score was 235 [range: 145-289] corresponding to complete evacuation of the descending and transverse colon and 35% evacuation of the caecum/ascending colon. In complicated colostomy irrigation it was possible to distinguish specific emptying patterns. The retained irrigation fluid reached the caecum in all but one patient. CONCLUSION: Scintigraphy can be used to evaluate colonic emptying following colostomy irrigation.

1. Modeling irrigation behavior in groundwater systems NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Foster, Timothy; Brozović, Nicholas; Butler, Adrian P. 2014-08-01 Integrated hydro-economic models have been widely applied to water management problems in regions of intensive groundwater-fed irrigation. However, policy interpretations may be limited as most existing models do not explicitly consider two important aspects of observed irrigation decision making, namely the limits on instantaneous irrigation rates imposed by well yield and the intraseasonal structure of irrigation planning. We develop a new modeling approach for determining irrigation demand that is based on observed farmer behavior and captures the impacts on production and water use of both well yield and climate. Through a case study of irrigated corn production in the Texas High Plains region of the United States we predict optimal irrigation strategies under variable levels of groundwater supply, and assess the limits of existing models for predicting land and groundwater use decisions by farmers. Our results show that irrigation behavior exhibits complex nonlinear responses to changes in groundwater availability. Declining well yields induce large reductions in the optimal size of irrigated area and irrigation use as constraints on instantaneous application rates limit the ability to maintain sufficient soil moisture to avoid negative impacts on crop yield. We demonstrate that this important behavioral response to limited groundwater availability is not captured by existing modeling approaches, which therefore may be unreliable predictors of irrigation demand, agricultural profitability, and resilience to climate change and aquifer depletion.
2. Improving bladder cancer patient care: a pharmacoeconomic perspective. PubMed Gore, John L; Gilbert, Scott M 2013-06-01 Bladder cancer is the most expensive cancer per capita to treat in the US healthcare system. Substantial costs associated with the diagnosis, management and surveillance of bladder cancer account for the bulk of the expense; yet, for that cost, patients may not receive high-quality care. Herein the authors review the sources of expenditure associated with bladder cancer care, review population-level analyses of the quality of bladder cancer care in the USA, and discuss opportunities for quality improvement that may yield greater value for men and women newly diagnosed with bladder cancer.
3. Modeling bladder cancer in mice: opportunities and challenges PubMed Central Kobayashi, Takashi; Owczarek, Tomasz B.; McKiernan, James M.; Abate-Shen, Cory 2015-01-01 The prognosis and treatment of bladder cancer have hardly improved in the last 20 years. Bladder cancer remains a debilitating and often fatal disease, and among the most costly cancers to treat. The generation of informative mouse models has the potential to improve our understanding of bladder cancer progression, as well as impact its diagnosis and treatment. However, relatively few mouse models of bladder cancer have been described and particularly few that develop invasive cancer phenotypes. This review focuses on opportunities for improving the landscape of mouse models of bladder cancer. PMID:25533675
4. Optimization of irrigation scheduling for spring wheat with mulching and limited irrigation water in an arid climate NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Wen, Y. 2017-12-01 Combining mulch and irrigation scheduling may lead to an increase of crop yield and water use efficiency [WUE = crop yield/evapotranspiration] with limited irrigation water, especially in arid regions. Based on 2 years' field experiments with ten irrigation-mulching treatments of spring wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] in the Shiyang River Basin Experiment Station in Gansu Province of Northwest China, a simulation-based optimization model for deficit irrigation scheduling of plastic mulching spring wheat was used to analyze an optimal irrigation scheduling for different deficit irrigation scenarios. Results revealed that mulching may increase maximum grain yield without water stress by 0.4-0.6 t ha-1 in different years and WUE by 0.2-0.3 kg m-3 for different irrigation amounts compared with no mulching. Yield of plastic mulching spring wheat was more sensitive to water stress in the early and development growth stages with an increase of cumulative crop water sensitive index [CCWSI] by 42%, and less sensitive to water stress in the mid and late growth stages with a reduction of CCWSI by 24%. For a relative wet year, when irrigation water is only applied once it should be at the mid to end of booting growth stage. Two irrigations should be applied at the beginning of booting and heading growth stages. The irrigation date can be extended to the beginning of jointing and grain formation growth stages with more water available for irrigation. For a normal or a dry year, the first irrigation should be applied 5-8 days earlier than the wet year. The highest WUE of 3.6 kg m-3 was achieved with 180 mm of irrigation applied twice for mulching in a wet year. Combining mulch and an optimal deficit irrigation scheduling is an effective way to increase crop yield and WUE in arid regions.
5. The urinary bladder of spontaneously hypertensive rat demonstrates bladder hypertrophy, inflammation, and fibrosis but not hyperplasia PubMed Central Shen, Shanwei; Xia, Chun-mei; Qiao, Li-Ya 2014-01-01 The present study aims to systemically characterize the factors that are associated with urinary bladder organ enlargement in the spontaneously hypertensive rats [SHR]. Material and Methods We compared the SHR to age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto [WKY] control rats in the levels of bladder pro-inflammatory factors, collagen expression [type I], and detrusor smooth muscle growth. Key Findings Our results showed that enhanced inflammatory responses and fibrosis were key factors that were closely associated with bladder wall thickening in SHR. Specifically the mRNA levels of inflammatory factors interleukin [IL]-1α, IL-6 and TNFα were significantly higher in SHR than those in WKY. The SHR also had a higher number of mast cells in the suburothelium space. Type I collagen production was also significantly higher in SHR when compared to those in control rats. However, the smooth muscle content stayed the same in SHR and WKY rats. This was shown as that the ratio of α-smooth muscle actin [SMA] to the nuclear protein histone H3 showed no difference between these two rat strains. The mRNA and protein levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA] also showed no change in the urinary bladder of SHR and WKY. Further study showed that the phosphorylation level of Akt in the urinary bladder was not changed in SHR when compared to WKY. In contrast, the phosphorylation level of ERK1/2 was significantly higher in SHR bladder when compared to WKY. Significance These results suggest that inflammation and fibrosis are primary factors that may lead to urinary bladder hypertrophy in SHR. PMID:25445218
6. An assessment of colostomy irrigation. PubMed Laucks, S S; Mazier, W P; Milsom, J W; Buffin, S E; Anderson, J M; Warwick, M K; Surrell, J A 1988-04-01 One hundred patients with permanent sigmoid colostomies were surveyed to determine their satisfaction and success with the "irrigation" technique of colostomy management. Most patients who irrigate their colostomies achieve continence. Odors and skin irritation are minimized. The irrigation method is economical, time efficient, and allows a reasonably liberal diet. It avoids bulky appliances and is safe. In appropriately selected patients, the irrigation technique is the method of choice for management of an end-sigmoid colostomy.
7. Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice PubMed Central Sadler, Katelyn E.; Stratton, Jarred M.; Kolber, Benedict J. 2014-01-01 Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome [IC/BPS], a debilitating condition characterized by increased urgency and frequency of urination, as well as nocturia and general pelvic pain, especially upon bladder filling or voiding. Despite years of research, the cause of IC/BPS remains elusive and treatment strategies are unable to provide complete relief to patients. In order to study nervous system contributions to the condition, many animal models have been developed to mimic the pain and symptoms associated with IC/BPS. One such murine model is urinary bladder distension [UBD]. In this model, compressed air of a specific pressure is delivered to the bladder of a lightly anesthetized animal over a set period of time. Throughout the procedure, wires in the superior oblique abdominal muscles record electrical activity from the muscle. This activity is known as the visceromotor response [VMR] and is a reliable and reproducible measure of nociception. Here, we describe the steps necessary to perform this technique in mice including surgical manipulations, physiological recording, and data analysis. With the use of this model, the coordination between primary sensory neurons, spinal cord secondary afferents, and higher central nervous system areas involved in bladder pain can be unraveled. This basic science knowledge can then be clinically translated to treat patients suffering from IC/BPS. PMID:24798516
8. Irrigation in the arid regions of Tunisia impacts the abundance and apparent density of sand fly vectors of Leishmania infantum PubMed Central Barhoumi, Walid; Qualls, Whitney A.; Archer, Reginald; Fuller, Douglas O.; Chelbi, Ifhem; Cherni, Saifedine; Derbali, Mohamed; Arheart, Kristopher L.; Zhioua, Elyes; Beier, John C. 2015-01-01 The distribution expansion of important human visceral leishmaniasis [HVL] and sporadic cutaneous leishmaniasis [SCL] vector species, Phlebotomus perfiliewi and P. perniciosus, throughout central Tunisia is a major public health concern. This study was designed to investigate if the expansion of irrigation influences the abundance of sand fly species potentially involved in the transmission of HVL and SCL located in arid bioclimatic regions. Geographic and remote sensing approaches were used to predict the density of visceral leishmaniasis vectors in Tunisia. Entomological investigations were performed in the governorate of Sidi Bouzid, located in the arid bioclimatic region of Tunisia. In 2012, sand flies were collected by CDC light traps located at nine irrigated and nine non-irrigated sites to determine species abundance. Eight species in two genera were collected. Among sand flies of the subgenus Larroussius, P. perfiliewi was the only species collected significantly more in irrigated areas. Trap data were then used to develop Poisson regression models to map the apparent density of important sand fly species as a function of different environmental covariates including climate and vegetation density. The density of P. perfiliewi is predicted to be moderately high in the arid regions. These results highlight that the abundance of P. perfiliewi is associated with the development of irrigated areas and suggests that the expansion of this species will continue to more arid areas of the country as irrigation sites continue to be developed in the region. The continued increase in irrigated areas in the Middle East and North Africa region deserves attention, as it is associated with the spread of L. infantum vector P. perfiliewi. Integrated vector management strategies targeting irrigation structures to reduce sand fly vector populations should be evaluated in light of these findings. PMID:25447265
9. Economic feasibility of converting center pivot irrigation to subsurface drip irrigation USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database Advancements in irrigation technology have increased water use efficiency. However, producers can be reluctant to convert to a more efficient irrigation system when the initial investment costs are high. This study examines the economic feasibility of replacing low energy precision application [LEPA...
10. Long-Term Outcomes Among Patients Who Achieve Complete or Near-Complete Responses After the Induction Phase of Bladder-Preserving Combined-Modality Therapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of NRG Oncology/RTOG 9906 and 0233 DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information [OSTI.GOV] Mitin, Timur, E-mail: mitin@ohsu.edu; George, Asha; Zietman, Anthony L. Purpose: To investigate the differences in outcomes among patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer on NRG Oncology Radiation Therapy Oncology Group protocols 9906 and 0233 who achieved complete response and near-complete response after induction chemoradiation and then completed bladder-preserving therapy with chemoradiation therapy [chemo-RT] to full dose [60-64 Gy]. Patients and Methods: A pooled analysis was performed on 119 eligible patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer enrolled on NRG Oncology Radiation Therapy Oncology Group trials 9906 and 0233, who were classified as having a complete [T0] or near-complete [Ta or Tis] response after induction chemo-RT and completed consolidation with a total RT dose ofmore » at least 60 Gy. Bladder recurrence, salvage cystectomy rates, and disease-specific survival were estimated by the cumulative incidence method and bladder-intact and overall survivals by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Among the 119 eligible patients, 101 [85%] achieved T0, and 18 [15%] achieved Ta or Tis after induction chemo-RT and proceeded to consolidation. After a median follow-up of 5.9 years, 36 of 101 T0 patients [36%] versus 5 of 18 Ta or Tis patients [28%] experienced bladder recurrence [P=.52]. Thirteen patients among complete responders eventually required late salvage cystectomy for tumor recurrence, compared with 1 patient among near-complete responders [P=.63]. Disease-specific, bladder-intact, and overall survivals were not significantly different between T0 and Ta/Tis cases. Conclusions: The bladder recurrence and salvage cystectomy rates of the complete and the near-complete responders were similar. Therefore it is reasonable to recommend that patients with Ta or Tis after induction chemo-RT continue with bladder-sparing therapy with consolidation chemo-RT to full dose [60-64 Gy].« less
11. Development of a wearable microwave bladder monitor for the management and treatment of urinary incontinence NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Krewer, F.; Morgan, F.; Jones, E.; Glavin, M.; O'Halloran, M. 2014-05-01 Urinary incontinence is defined as the inability to stop the flow of urine from the bladder. In the US alone, the annual societal cost of incontinence-related care is estimated at 12.6 billion dollars. Clinicians agree that those suffering from urinary incontinence would greatly benefit from a wearable system that could continually monitor the bladder, providing continuous feedback to the patient. While existing ultrasound-based solutions are highly accurate, they are severely limited by form-factor, battery size, cost and ease of use. In this study the authors propose an alternative bladder-state sensing system, based on Ultra Wideband [UWB] Radar. As part of an initial proof-of-concept, the authors developed one of the first dielectrically and anatomically-representative Finite Difference Time Domain models of the pelvis. These models [one male and one female] are derived from Magnetic Resonance images provided by the IT'IS Foundation. These IT'IS models provide the foundation upon which an anatomically-plausible bladder growth model was constructed. The authors employed accurate multi-pole Debye models to simulate the dielectric properties of each of the pelvic tissues. Two-dimensional Finite Difference Time Domain [FDTD] simulations were completed for a range of bladder volumes. Relevant features were extracted from the FDTD-derived signals using Principle Component Analysis [PCA] and then classified using a k-Nearest-Neighbour and Support Vector Machine algorithms [incorporating the Leave-one-out cross-validation approach]. Additionally the authors investigated the effects of signal fidelity, noise and antenna movement relative to the target as potential sources of error. The results of this initial study provide strong motivation for further research into this timely application, particularly in the context of an ageing population.
12. Purification of contaminated paddy fields by clean water irrigation over two decades. PubMed Tai, Yiping; Lu, Huanping; Li, Zhian; Zhuang, Ping; Zou, Bi; Xia, Hanping; Wang, Faming; Wang, Gang; Duan, Jun; Zhang, Jianxia 2013-10-01 Paddy fields near a mining site in north part of Guangdong Province, PR China, were severely contaminated by heavy metals as a result of wastewater irrigation from the tailing pond. The following clean water irrigation for 2 decades produced marked rinsing effect, especially on Pb and Zn. Paddy fields continuously irrigated with wastewater ever since mining started [50 years] had 1,050.0 mg kg−1 of Pb and 810.3 mg kg−1 of Zn for upper 20 cm soil, in comparison with 215.9 mg kg−1 of Pb and 525.4 mg kg−1 of Zn, respectively, with clean water irrigation for 20 years. Rinsing effect mainly occurred to a depth of upper 40 cm, of which the soil contained highest metals. Copper and Cd in the farmlands were also reduced due to clean water irrigation. Higher availability of Pb might partly account for more Pb transferred from the tailing pond to the farmland and also more Pb removal from the farmland as a result of clean water irrigation. Neither rice in the paddy field nor dense weeds in the uncultivated field largely took up the metals. However, they might contribute to activate metals differently, leading to a different purification extent. Rotation of rice and weed reduced metal retention in the farmland soil, in comparison with sole rice growth. Harvesting of rice grain [and partially rice stalk] only contributed small fraction of total amount of removed metal. In summary, heavy metal in paddy field resulting from irrigation of mining wastewater could be largely removed by clean water irrigation for sufficient time.
13. Simulation of Soil Wetting Patterns in Drip and Subsurface Irrigation. Effects in Design and Irrigation Management Variables. NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Rodríguez-Sinobas, L.; Gil-Rodríguez, M.; Sánchez, R.; Losada, A.; Castañón, G.; Juana, L.; Laguna, F. V.; Benítez, J. 2010-05-01 Conventional drip irrigation is considered one of the most efficient irrigation systems. Alternatively to traditional surface drip irrigation systems [DI], laterals are deployed underneath the soil surface, as in subsurface drip irrigation [SDI], leading to a higher potential efficiency, which is of especial interest in places where water is a limited source. The design and management of DI and SDI systems involve selection of an appropriate combination of emitter discharge rate and spacing between emitters and the inlet pressure and irrigation time for any given set of soil, crop, and climatic conditions, as well as understanding the wetted zone pattern around the emitter. Likewise, water distribution is affected by soil hydraulic properties, initial water content, emitter discharge, irrigation frequency, evapotranspiration and root characteristics. However, complexity arousing of soil water properties and soil profile characteristics means that these are often not properly considered in the design and management of those systems. A better understanding of the infiltration process around the discharge point source should contribute to increase water use efficiency and thus to reduce the risk of environmental impact of irrigation. In this regard, numerical models have been proved to be a powerful tool to analyze the evolution of the wetting pattern during the distribution and redistribution processes, in order to explore irrigation management strategies, to set up the duration of irrigation, and finally to optimize water use efficiency. Also, irrigation design variables such as emitter spacing and discharge could also be assessed. In this study the suitability of the HYDRUS-2D to simulate infiltration process around an emitter during irrigation of a loamy soil with drip and SDI laterals has been addressed. The model was then applied in order to evaluate the main dimensions of the wetted soil volume surrounding the emitter during irrigation. Irrigation uniformity
14. The concept of peripheral modulation of bladder sensation PubMed Central Eastham, Jane E; Gillespie, James I 2013-01-01 It is recognized that, as the bladder fills, there is a corresponding increase in sensation. This awareness of the volume in the bladder is then used in a complex decision making process to determine if there is a need to void. It is also part of everyday experience that, when the bladder is full and sensations strong, these sensations can be suppressed and the desire to void postponed. The obvious explanation for such altered perceptions is that they occur centrally. However, this may not be the only mechanism. There are data to suggest that descending neural influences and local factors might regulate the sensitivity of the systems within the bladder wall generating afferent activity. Specifically, evidence is accumulating to suggest that the motor-sensory system within the bladder wall is influenced in this way. The motor-sensory system, first described over 100 years ago, appears to be a key component in the afferent outflow, the afferent “noise,” generated within the bladder wall. However, the presence and possible importance of this complex system in the generation of bladder sensation has been overlooked in recent years. As the bladder fills the motor activity increases, driven by cholinergic inputs and modulated, possibly, by sympathetic inputs. In this way information on bladder volume can be transmitted to the CNS. It can be argued that the ability to alter the sensitivity of the mechanisms generating the motor component of this motor-sensory system represents a possible indirect way to influence afferent activity and so the perception of bladder volume centrally. Furthermore, it is emerging that the apparent modulation of sensation by drugs to alleviate the symptoms of overactive bladder [OAB], the anti-cholinergics and the new generation of drugs the β3 sympathomimetics, may be the result of their ability to modulate the motor component of the motor sensory system. The possibility of controlling sensation, physiologically and pharmacologically, by
15. Soil management and conservation: Irrigation: Methods USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database Irrigation applies water to soil to improve crop production. The three main methods of irrigation are surface, sprinkler and micro. Surface irrigation is used on 85% of the irrigated land in the world. It generally requires lower capital investment because the soil conveys water within the field, ra...
16. Are There Infinite Irrigation Trees? NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Bernot, M.; Caselles, V.; Morel, J. M. 2006-08-01 In many natural or artificial flow systems, a fluid flow network succeeds in irrigating every point of a volume from a source. Examples are the blood vessels, the bronchial tree and many irrigation and draining systems. Such systems have raised recently a lot of interest and some attempts have been made to formalize their description, as a finite tree of tubes, and their scaling laws [25], [26]. In contrast, several mathematical models [5], [22], [10], propose an idealization of these irrigation trees, where a countable set of tubes irrigates any point of a volume with positive Lebesgue measure. There is no geometric obstruction to this infinitesimal model and general existence and structure theorems have been proved. As we show, there may instead be an energetic obstruction. Under Poiseuille law R[s] = s -2 for the resistance of tubes with section s, the dissipated power of a volume irrigating tree cannot be finite. In other terms, infinite irrigation trees seem to be impossible from the fluid mechanics viewpoint. This also implies that the usual principle analysis performed for the biological models needs not to impose a minimal size for the tubes of an irrigating tree; the existence of the minimal size can be proven from the only two obvious conditions for such irrigation trees, namely the Kirchhoff and Poiseuille laws.
17. Alterations in bladder function associated with urothelial defects in uroplakin II and IIIa knockout mice. PubMed Aboushwareb, Tamer; Zhou, Ge; Deng, Fang-Ming; Turner, Chanda; Andersson, Karl-Erik; Tar, Moses; Zhao, Weixin; Melman, Arnold; D'Agostino, Ralph; Sun, Tung-Tien; Christ, George J 2009-01-01 The effects of deleting genes encoding uroplakins II [UPII] and III [UPIIIa] on mouse bladder physiology/dysfunction were studied in male and female wild type and knockout [KO] mice. UPII, UPIIIa, and WT mice were catheterized using previously described techniques. Continuous cystometry was conducted in conscious, freely moving animals. Bladder strips were harvested after animal sacrifice and pharmacological studies and EFS were conducted in an organ chamber. Histological studies were also carried on with H&E staining to identify differences among the three mouse types. These studies have revealed numerous alterations, some of which were apparently gender-specific. Nonvoiding contractions were common in both UPII and UPIIIa KO mice, although more severe in the former. In particular, the increased bladder capacity, micturition pressure and demonstrable nonvoiding contractions observed in the male UPII KO's, were reminiscent of an obstruction-like syndrome accompanied by evidence of emerging bladder decompensation, as reflected by an increased residual volume. Pharmacological studies revealed a modest, gender-specific reduction in sensitivity of isolated detrusor strips from UPII KO female mice to carbachol-induced contractions. A similar reduction was observed in UPIIIa KO female mice. Histological investigation showed urothelial hyperplasia in both UPII KO and UPIIIa KO mice, although again, apparently more severe in the former. These results confirm and extend previous work to indicate that urothelial defects due to uroplakin deficiency are associated with significant alterations in bladder function and further highlight the importance of the urothelium to bladder physiology/dysfunction.
18. Characteristics of the mechanosensitive bladder afferent activities in relation with microcontractions in male rats with bladder outlet obstruction. PubMed Aizawa, Naoki; Ichihara, Koji; Fukuhara, Hiroshi; Fujimura, Tetsuya; Andersson, Karl-Erik; Homma, Yukio; Igawa, Yasuhiko 2017-08-09 We investigated the characteristics of bladder mechanosensitive single-unit afferent activities [SAAs] in rats with a bladder outlet obstruction [BOO] and their relationship with bladder microcontractions. Male Wistar rats were divided into Sham and BOO groups. Four or 10 days after the surgery, rats were anesthetized with urethane. The SAAs of Aδ- or C-fibers from the L6 dorsal roots were recorded during bladder filling. The BOO group showed a higher number of microcontractions and lower SAAs of Aδ-fibers compared with those of the Sham group. These findings were significant at day 10 post-operatively. In contrast, SAAs of C-fibers were not significantly different between the groups at either day 4 or 10. In the BOO group at day 10, the SAAs of both Aδ- and C-fibers at the "ascending" phase of microcontractions were significantly higher than those at the other phases [descending or stationary], and a similar tendency was also observed at day 4. Taken together, during bladder filling, the bladder mechanosensitive SAAs of Aδ-fibers were attenuated, but SAAs of both Aδ- and C-fibers were intermittently enhanced by propagation of microcontractions.
19. Management of Neurogenic Bladder. PubMed Sripathi, Venkataramani; Mitra, Aparajita 2017-07-01 This article provides a comprehensive summary of the clinical approach, investigative modalities and management of a child with neurogenic bladder disease due to myelodysplasia. It is aimed at pediatric physicians and surgeons working in developing nations. The methodologies suggested are simple and can be practised even in resource poor regions. The goal of management is avoidance of Chronic kidney disease and for this, meticulous bladder management is the key.
20. Drip irrigation research update at NPRL USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database Drip irrigation research has been conducted since 1998 at NPRL. Systems include deep subsurface drip irrigation [SSDI], surface drip irrigation [SDI], and shallow subsurface drip irrigation [S3DI]. Results have shown that SDI and S3DI are more economical to install than SSDI. SDI systems have more r...

1. Evaluation of Populus and Salix continuously irrigated with landfill leachate II. soils and early tree development. PubMed Zalesny, Ronald S; Bauer, Edmund O 2007-01-01 Soil contaminant levels and early tree growth data are helpful for assessing phytoremediation systems. Populus [DN17, DN182, DN34, NM2, and NM6] and Salix [94003, 94012, S287, S566, and SX61] genotypes were irrigated with landfill leachate or municipal water and tested for differences in [1] element concentrations [P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, B, Mn, Fe, Cu, Al, and Na] of a topsoil layer and a layer of sand in tanks with a cover crop of trees or no trees and [2] height, diameter, volume, and dry mass of leaves, stems, and roots. Trees were irrigated with leachate or water during the final 12 wk of the 18-wk study. Differences in most soil element concentrations were negligible [P > 0.05] for irrigation treatments and cover main effects. Phosphorous, K, Mg, S, Zn, Mn, Fe, and Al concentrations were greater in topsoil than sand [P = 0.0011 for Mg; P < 0.0001 for others]. There was broad variation between genera and among clones for all growth traits. The treatment x clone interaction governed height, volume, and root dry mass, with [94012, SX61], [NM2, S566, SX61], and [S287, S566] exhibiting the greatest levels, respectively,following leachate application. Given the broad amount of variability among and within these genera, there is great potential for the identification and selection of specific genotypes with a combination of elevated phytoremediation capabilities and tree yield. From a practical standpoint, these results may be used as a baseline for the development of future remediation systems.
2. Present-day irrigation mitigates heat extremes DOE PAGES Thiery, Wim; Davin, Edouard L.; Lawrence, David M.; ... 2017-02-16 Irrigation is an essential practice for sustaining global food production and many regional economies. Emerging scientific evidence indicates that irrigation substantially affects mean climate conditions in different regions of the world. Yet how this practice influences climate extremes is currently unknown. Here we use ensemble simulations with the Community Earth System Model to assess the impacts of irrigation on climate extremes. An evaluation of the model performance reveals that irrigation has a small yet overall beneficial effect on the representation of present-day near-surface climate. While the influence of irrigation on annual mean temperatures is limited, we find a large impactmore » on temperature extremes, with a particularly strong cooling during the hottest day of the year [-0.78 K averaged over irrigated land]. The strong influence on extremes stems from the timing of irrigation and its influence on land-atmosphere coupling strength. Together these effects result in asymmetric temperature responses, with a more pronounced cooling during hot and/or dry periods. The influence of irrigation is even more pronounced when considering subgrid-scale model output, suggesting that local effects of land management are far more important than previously thought. In conclusion, our results underline that irrigation has substantially reduced our exposure to hot temperature extremes in the past and highlight the need to account for irrigation in future climate projections.« less
3. Present-day irrigation mitigates heat extremes NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Thiery, Wim; Davin, Edouard L.; Lawrence, David M.; Hirsch, Annette L.; Hauser, Mathias; Seneviratne, Sonia I. 2017-02-01 Irrigation is an essential practice for sustaining global food production and many regional economies. Emerging scientific evidence indicates that irrigation substantially affects mean climate conditions in different regions of the world. Yet how this practice influences climate extremes is currently unknown. Here we use ensemble simulations with the Community Earth System Model to assess the impacts of irrigation on climate extremes. An evaluation of the model performance reveals that irrigation has a small yet overall beneficial effect on the representation of present-day near-surface climate. While the influence of irrigation on annual mean temperatures is limited, we find a large impact on temperature extremes, with a particularly strong cooling during the hottest day of the year [-0.78 K averaged over irrigated land]. The strong influence on extremes stems from the timing of irrigation and its influence on land-atmosphere coupling strength. Together these effects result in asymmetric temperature responses, with a more pronounced cooling during hot and/or dry periods. The influence of irrigation is even more pronounced when considering subgrid-scale model output, suggesting that local effects of land management are far more important than previously thought. Our results underline that irrigation has substantially reduced our exposure to hot temperature extremes in the past and highlight the need to account for irrigation in future climate projections.
4. Evaluation of Populus and Salix continuously irrigated with landfill leachate I. Genotype-specific elemental phytoremediation Treesearch Ronald S., Jr. Zalesny; Edmund O. Bauer 2007-01-01 There is a need for the identification and selection of specific tree genotypes that can sequester elements from contaminated soils, with elevated rates of uptake. We irrigated Populus [DN17, DN182, DN34, NM2, NM6] and Salix [94003, 94012, S287, S566, SX61] genotypes planted in large soil-filled containers with landfill leachate or...
5. Simulating the Effects of Widespread Adoption of Efficient Irrigation Technologies on Irrigation Water Use NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Kendall, A. D.; Deines, J. M.; Hyndman, D. W. 2017-12-01 Irrigation technologies are changing: becoming more efficient, better managed, and capable of more precise targeting. Widespread adoption of these technologies is shifting water balances and significantly altering the hydrologic cycle in some of the largest irrigated regions in the world, such as the High Plains Aquifer of the USA. There, declining groundwater resources, increased competition from alternate uses, changing surface water supplies, and increased subsidies and incentives are pushing farmers to adopt these new technologies. Their decisions about adoption, irrigation extent, and total water use are largely unrecorded, limiting critical data for what is the single largest consumptive water use globally. Here, we present a novel data fusion of an annual water use and technology database in Kansas with our recent remotely-sensed Annual Irrigation Maps [AIM] dataset to produce a spatially and temporally complete record of these decisions. We then use this fusion to drive the Landscape Hydrologic Model [LHM], which simulates the full terrestrial water cycle at hourly timesteps for large regions. The irrigation module within LHM explicitly simulates each major irrigation technology, allowing for a comprehensive evaluation of changes in irrigation water use over time and space. Here we simulate 2000 - 2016, a period which includes a major increase in the use of modern efficient irrigation technology [such as Low Energy Precision Application, LEPA] as well as both drought and relative wet periods. Impacts on water use are presented through time and space, along with implications for adopting these technologies across the USA and globally.
6. Irrigation Without Waste ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Shea, Kevin P. 1975-01-01 A new means of irrigation, called the drip or trickle system, has been proven more efficient and less wasteful than the current system of flood irrigation. As a result of this drip system, fertilizer-use efficiency is improved and crop yield, though never decreased, is sometimes increased in some crops. [MA]
7. Evaluation of endothelial mucin layer thickness after phacoemulsification with next generation ophthalmic irrigating solution. PubMed Ghate, Deepta A; Holley, Glenn; Dollinger, Harli; Bullock, Joseph P; Markwardt, Kerry; Edelhauser, Henry F 2008-10-01 To evaluate human corneal endothelial mucin layer thickness and ultrastructure after phacoemulsification and irrigation-aspiration with either next generation ophthalmic irrigating solution [NGOIS] or BSS PLUS. Paired human corneas were mounted in an artificial anterior chamber, exposed to 3 minutes of continuous ultrasound [US] at 80% power using the Alcon SERIES 20000 LEGACY surgical system [n = 9] or to 2 minutes of pulsed US at 50% power, 50% of the time at 20 pps using the Alcon INFINITI Vision System [n = 5], and irrigated with 250 mL of either NGOIS or BSS PLUS. A control group of paired corneas did not undergo phacoemulsification or irrigation-aspiration [n = 5]. Corneas were divided and fixed for mucin staining or transmission electron microscopy. Mucin layer thickness was measured on the transmission electron microscopy prints. The mucin layer thickness in the continuous phaco group was 0.77 +/- 0.02 microm [mean +/- SE] with NGOIS and 0.51 +/- 0.01 microm with BSS PLUS [t test, P < 0.001]. The mucin layer thickness in the pulsed phaco group was 0.79 +/- 0.02 microm with NGOIS and 0.54 +/- 0.01 microm with BSS PLUS [P < 0.001]. The mucin layer thickness in the untreated control group was 0.72 +/- 0.02 microm. The endothelial ultrastructure was normal in all corneas. In this in vitro corneal model, NGOIS, due to its lower surface tension and higher viscosity, preserved endothelial mucin layer thickness better than BSS PLUS with both the INFINITI Vision System [pulsed US] and the LEGACY surgical system [continuous US].
8. Bladder neck competency at rest in women with incontinence. PubMed English, S F; Amundsen, C L; McGuire, E J 1999-02-01 We determine the presence of an open bladder neck during video urodynamic studies and relate that finding to the presence of stress urinary incontinence. Patients presenting with urinary incontinence, voiding dysfunction or pelvic floor prolapse underwent video urodynamics. With the patient upright and after 200 ml. contrast material had been instilled into the bladder the bladder neck was viewed to determine if it was open or closed. At that point the abdominal leak point pressure was measured. Of 102 women, average age 56.5 years [range 31 to 82], 13% had an open bladder neck and demonstrable stress incontinence on video urodynamics with an average abdominal leak point pressure of 45 cm. water [range 26 to 90]. Of those with stress incontinence on urodynamics 23% had an open bladder neck. No continent patient had an open bladder neck. The presence of an open bladder neck with the bladder filled to 200 ml. correlates strongly with the presence of stress incontinence.
9. Comparison of sealer penetration using the EndoVac irrigation system and conventional needle root canal irrigation. PubMed Kara Tuncer, Aysun; Unal, Bayram 2014-05-01 The aim of this study was to compare the effect of the EndoVac irrigation system [SybronEndo, Orange, CA] and conventional endodontic needle irrigation on sealer penetration into dentinal tubules. Forty single-rooted, recently extracted human maxillary central incisors were randomly divided into 2 groups according to the irrigation technique used: conventional endodontic needle irrigation and EndoVac irrigation. All teeth were instrumented using the ProFile rotary system [Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland] and obturated with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer [Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany] labeled with fluorescent dye. Transverse sections at 1, 3, and 5 mm from the root apex were examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The total percentage and maximum depth of sealer penetration were then measured. Mann-Whitney test results showed that EndoVac irrigation resulted in a significantly higher percentage of sealer penetration than conventional irrigation at both the 1- and 3-mm levels [P < .05]. However, no difference was found at the 5-mm level. The 5-mm sections in each group showed a significantly higher percentage and maximum depth of sealer penetration than did the 1- and 3-mm sections [P < .05]. The EndoVac irrigation system significantly improved the sealer penetration at the 1- to 3-mm level over that of conventional endodontic needle irrigation. Copyright © 2014 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
10. Overactive Bladder MedlinePlus ... quality of life. If your overactive bladder symptoms cause a major disruption to your life, you might also have: Emotional distress or depression Anxiety Sleep disturbances and interrupted sleep cycles Issues ...
11. HPLC assisted Raman spectroscopic studies on bladder cancer NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Zha, W. L.; Cheng, Y.; Yu, W.; Zhang, X. B.; Shen, A. G.; Hu, J. M. 2015-04-01 We applied confocal Raman spectroscopy to investigate 12 normal bladder tissues and 30 tumor tissues, and then depicted the spectral differences between the normal and the tumor tissues and the potential canceration mechanism with the aid of the high-performance liquid chromatographic [HPLC] technique. Normal tissues were demonstrated to contain higher tryptophan, cholesterol and lipid content, while bladder tumor tissues were rich in nucleic acids, collagen and carotenoids. In particular, β-carotene, one of the major types of carotenoids, was found through HPLC analysis of the extract of bladder tissues. The statistical software SPSS was applied to classify the spectra of the two types of tissues according to their differences. The sensitivity and specificity of 96.7 and 66.7% were obtained, respectively. In addition, different layers of the bladder wall including mucosa [lumps], muscle and adipose bladder tissue were analyzed by Raman mapping technique in response to previous Raman studies of bladder tissues. All of these will play an important role as a directive tool for the future diagnosis of bladder cancer in vivo.
12. NOTCH pathway inactivation promotes bladder cancer progression PubMed Central Maraver, Antonio; Fernandez-Marcos, Pablo J.; Cash, Timothy P.; Mendez-Pertuz, Marinela; Dueñas, Marta; Maietta, Paolo; Martinelli, Paola; Muñoz-Martin, Maribel; Martínez-Fernández, Mónica; Cañamero, Marta; Roncador, Giovanna; Martinez-Torrecuadrada, Jorge L.; Grivas, Dimitrios; de la Pompa, Jose Luis; Valencia, Alfonso; Paramio, Jesús M.; Real, Francisco X.; Serrano, Manuel 2015-01-01 NOTCH signaling suppresses tumor growth and proliferation in several types of stratified epithelia. Here, we show that missense mutations in NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 found in human bladder cancers result in loss of function. In murine models, genetic ablation of the NOTCH pathway accelerated bladder tumorigenesis and promoted the formation of squamous cell carcinomas, with areas of mesenchymal features. Using bladder cancer cells, we determined that the NOTCH pathway stabilizes the epithelial phenotype through its effector HES1 and, consequently, loss of NOTCH activity favors the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Evaluation of human bladder cancer samples revealed that tumors with low levels of HES1 present mesenchymal features and are more aggressive. Together, our results indicate that NOTCH serves as a tumor suppressor in the bladder and that loss of this pathway promotes mesenchymal and invasive features. PMID:25574842
13. "Spiral-Cap" ileocystoplasty for bladder augmentation and ureteric reimplant. PubMed Sawant, S Ajit; Tamhankar, Ashwin Sunil; Kumar, Vikash; Prakash, W Pawar; Gaurav, V Kasat; Bansal, Sumit 2016-01-01 To demonstrate the new technique of Spiral-cap ileocystoplasty for bladder augmentation and simultaneous ureteric reimplant. Seven patients with small capacity bladder and simultaneous lower ureteric involvement operated in single tertiary care institute over the last 5 years were included in this study. Spiral-cap ileocystoplasty was used in all the patients for bladder augmentation. Proximal part of the same ileal loop was used in isoperistaltic manner for ureteric reimplantation. Distal end of this ileal loop was intussuscepted into the pouch to decrease the incidence of reflux. Detubularized distal portion of the loop was reconfigured in spiral manner to augment the native bladder. Patients were analyzed for upper tract changes, serum creatinine, bladder capacity, and requirement of clean intermittent self-catheterization in follow-up over 5 years. There was no evidence of any urinary or bowel leak in the postoperative period. Recovery was equivalent with those treated with other methods of bladder augmentation. Follow-up ultrasonography showed good capacity bladder. Upper tracts were well preserved in follow-up. Urinary bladder and lower ureter pathologies were addressed simultaneously. Spiral-cap ileocystoplasty is a useful technique in patients who require simultaneous bladder augmentation and ureteric reimplant.
14. "Hair in the Bladder": An Unusual Finding. PubMed Cindolo, Luca; Bada, Maida; Bellocci, Roberto; De Francesco, Piergustavo; Castellan, Pietro; Berardinelli, Francesco; Neri, Fabio; Schips, Luigi 2017-01-01 Trichobezoar is a rare condition whereby a hairball is found in the human stomach or gastrointestinal tract, most frequently in young women, mainly in association with a psychiatric disorder. Trichobezoar cases have also been reported in the bladder and represent a rare complication of foreign bodies, called "hair nidus or hair ball," in patients with chronic catheter. Approximately 10% to 15% of patients on long-term urethral catheter or clean intermittent self-catheterization develop urinary tract stones. In a small minority of cases, bladder stones can develop around a foreign body that was introduced into the bladder. In the literature, there are few cases of foreign bladder bodies that formed stones over a hair nidus. Recognizing this condition can optimize the patient's quality of life. Herein, we present a case of a 71-year-old Caucasian male with a long-term catheter in hypocontractile urinary bladder secondary to injury of pelvic plexus after rectal surgery. He had a bladder stone caused by hair encrusted together. Hair is introduced into the bladder either by adherence to the catheter directly or by overlying the urethral meatus and being pushed internally. Regular hygiene and shaving of pubic area represent effective preventive measures to reduce this kind of complications in patients with chronic indwelling catheter or under a self-catheterization regimen.
15. Leaching of N-nitrosodimethylamine [NDMA] in turfgrass soils during wastewater irrigation. PubMed Gan, J; Bondarenko, S; Ernst, F; Yang, W; Ries, S B; Sedlak, D L 2006-01-01 N-nitrosodimethylamine [NDMA] is a carcinogenic by-product of chlorination that is frequently found in municipal wastewater effluent. NDMA is miscible in water and negligibly adsorbed to soil, and therefore may pose a threat to ground water when treated wastewater is used for landscape irrigation. A field study was performed in the summer months under arid Southern California weather conditions to evaluate the leaching potential of NDMA in turfgrass soils during wastewater irrigation. Wastewater was used to irrigate multiple turfgrass plots at 110 to 160% evapotranspiration rate for about 4 mo, and leachate was continuously collected and analyzed for NDMA. The treated wastewater contained relatively high levels of NDMA [114-1820 ng L[-1]; mean 930 ng L[-1]]. NDMA was detected infrequently in the leachate regardless of the soil type or irrigation schedule. At a method detection limit of 2 ng L[-1], NDMA was only detected in 9 out of 400 leachate samples and when it was detected, the NDMA concentration was less than 5 ng L[-1]. NDMA was relatively persistent in the turfgrass soils during laboratory incubation, indicating that mechanisms other than biotransformation, likely volatilization and/or plant uptake, contributed to the rapid dissipation. Under conditions typical of turfgrass irrigation with wastewater effluent it is unlikely that NDMA will contaminate ground water.
16. Comparison of the efficacy and feasibility of laser enucleation of bladder tumor versus transurethral resection of bladder tumor: a meta-analysis. PubMed Yang, Huan; Wang, Ning; Han, Shanfu; Male, Musa; Zhao, Chenming; Yao, Daqiang; Chen, Zhiqiang 2017-12-01 The transurethral resection of bladder tumor [TURBT] remains the most widely used method in the surgical treatment of the non-muscle invasive bladder tumor [NMIBT]. Despite its popularity, the laser technique has been widely used in urology as an alternative, via the application of transurethral laser enucleation of bladder tumor. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy and feasibility between transurethral laser enucleation and transurethral resection of bladder tumor. A systematic search of the following databases was conducted: PubMed, Wed of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Google scholar, and Medline. The search included studies up to the 1st of January 2017. The outcomes of interest that were used in order to assess the two techniques included operation time, catheterization time, hospitalization time, obturator nerve reflex, bladder perforation, bladder irritation, 24-month-recurrence rate, and the postoperative adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy. A total of 13 trials with 2012 participants were included, of which 975 and 1037 underwent transurethral laser enucleation and transurethral resection of bladder tumor, respectively. No significant difference was noted in the operation time between the two groups, although significant differences were reported for the variables catheterization time, hospitalization time, obturator nerve reflex, bladder perforation, bladder irritation, and 24-month-recurrence rate. In the mitomycin and epirubicin subgroups, no significant differences were observed in the laser enucleation and TURBT methods with regard to the 24-month-recurrence rate. The laser enucleation was superior to TURBT with regard to the parameters obturator nerve reflex, bladder perforation, catheterization time, hospitalization time, and 24-month-recurrence rate. Moreover, laser enucleation can offer a more accurate result of the tumor's pathological stage and grade.
17. Water saving at the field scale with Irrig-OH, an open-hardware environment device for soil water potential monitoring and irrigation management NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Masseroni, Daniele; Facchi, Arianna; Gandolfi, Claudio 2015-04-01 Sustainability of irrigation practices is an important objective which should be pursued in many countries, especially in areas where water scarcity causes strong conflicts among the different water uses. The efficient use of water is a key factor in coping with the food demand of an increasing world population and with the negative effects of the climate change on water resources availability in many areas. In this complex context, it is important that farmers adopt instruments and practices that enable a better management of water at the field scale, whatever the irrigation method they adopt. This work presents the hardware structure and the functioning of an open-hardware microstation based on the Arduino technology, called Irrig-OH, which allows the continuous and low-cost monitoring of the soil water potential [SWP] in the root zone for supporting the irrigation scheduling at the field scale. In order to test the microstation, an experiment was carried out during the agricultural season 2014 at Lodi [Italy], with the purpose of comparing the farmers' traditional management of irrigation of a peach variety and the scheduling based on the SWP measurements provided by the microstation. Additional measurements of leaf water potential [LWP], stomatal resistance, transpiration [T], crop water stress index [CWSI] and fruit size evolution were performed respectively on leafs and fruits for verifying the plant physiological responses on different SWP levels in soil. At the harvesting time, the peach production in term of quantity and quality [sucrose content was measured by a rifractometer over a sample of one hundred fruits] of the two rows were compared. Irrigation criteria was changed with respect to three macro-periods: up to the endocarp hardening phase [begin of May] soil was kept well watered fixing the SWP threshold in the first 35 cm of the soil profile at -20 kPa, during the pit hardening period [about the entire month of May] the allowed SWP threshold was
18. Ultrasonic Device Monitors Fullness Of The Bladder NASA Technical Reports Server [NTRS] Heyman, Joseph S.; Blalock, Travis; Companion, John A.; Cavalier, AL; Mineo, Beth A. 1991-01-01 Ultrasonic device monitors fullness of bladder is self-contained, lightweight, portable, powered by battery, and tailored for specific patient through software modified as patient's behavior changes. Essentially quantifies amount of urine in bladder by measuring relative distension of bladder and gives suitable alarm telling patient to eliminate. Intended for use in training people who are incontinent and cannot identify when elimination necessary.
19. Urine Markers Do Not Predict Biopsy Findings or Presence of Bladder Ulcers in Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome PubMed Central Erickson, Deborah R.; Tomaszewski, John E.; Kunselman, Allen R.; Stetter, Christina M.; Peters, Kenneth M.; Rovner, Eric S.; Demers, Laurence M.; Wheeler, Marcia A.; Keay, Susan K. 2009-01-01 Purpose To test for associations between urine markers, bladder biopsy features and bladder ulcers in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome [IC/PBS]. Materials and Methods Subjects were 72 patients with IC/PBS undergoing bladder distention and biopsy. Urine was collected before the procedure. Urine marker levels were correlated with biopsy and cystoscopic findings. Patients with no previous IC/PBS treatments [n=47] were analyzed separately from previously treated patients [n=25]. Results For untreated patients, urine IL-6 and cGMP were associated with urothelial EGF receptor staining [for IL-6 r=0.29, 95% CI [0.07, 0.51], p=0.01; for cGMP r=0.34, 95% CI [0.13, 0.55], p=0.002]. Urine IL-8 was negatively associated with urothelial HB-EGF staining [r=-0.34, 95% CI [-0.55, -0.12], p=0.002] and positively associated with lamina propria mast cell count [r=0.29, 95% CI [0.06, 0.52], p=0.01]. The latter association also was seen in treated patients [r=0.46, 95% CI [0.20, 0.73], p10% of the lamina propria. However, these features also were seen in 24-76% of the nonulcer patients. Conclusions Overall, urine markers did not associate robustly with biopsy findings. The strongest association was a positive association between urine IL-8 levels and bladder mast cell count. Ulcer patients consistently had bladder inflammation, but the cystoscopic finding of ulcers was not a sensitive indicator of inflammation on bladder biopsy. PMID:18353383
20. Irrigation management of sigmoid colostomy. PubMed Jao, S W; Beart, R W; Wendorf, L J; Ilstrup, D M 1985-08-01 Questionnaires were sent to 270 patients who had undergone abdominoperineal resection and sigmoid colostomy at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn, during the ten years from 1972 to 1982; 223 patients returned their questionnaires with evaluable data. Sixty percent of the patients were continent with irrigation, and 22% were incontinent with irrigation. Eighteen percent had discontinued irrigation for various reasons. The proportion continent was higher in women, younger patients, and previously constipated patients. A poorly constructed colostomy may cause acute angle, parastoma hernia, stomal prolapse, or stenosis and thus be the cause of failure of irrigation.

1. Preparation Prerequisites for Effective Irrigation of Apical Root Canal: A Critical Review. PubMed Tziafas, Dimitrios; Alraeesi, Dana; Al Hormoodi, Reem; Ataya, Maamoun; Fezai, Hessa; Aga, Nausheen 2017-10-01 It is well recognized that disinfection of the complex root canal system at the apical root canal remains the most critical therapeutic measure to treat apical periodontitis. Observational and experimental data in relation to the anatomy of the apical root canal in different tooth types and the cross sectional diameters of the apical part of the most commonly used hand and rotary files are critically reviewed. The present data analysis confirm that the challenging issue of antibacterial efficacy of modern preparation protocols in non-surgical endodontics requires more attention to apical root canal irrigation as a balance between safety and effectiveness. Ex vivo investigations clearly indicate that a specific design of the chemo-mechanical preparation is needed at the onset of RCT, more particularly in infected teeth. Design should be based on specific anatomical parameters, and must determine the appropriate size and taper of preparation as pre-requirements for effective and safe apical irrigation. The optimal irrigation protocols might be designed on the basis of technical specifications of the preparations procedures, such as the penetration depth, the type of the needle, the required time for continuous irrigant flow, the concentration of NaOCl, and the activation parameters. Key words: Endodontics, root canal treatment, instrumentation, irrigation, apical root canal.
2. Role of irrigation and irrigation automation in improving crop water use efficiency USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database In arid climates, irrigation is required for significant agricultural production. In subhumid and semiarid climates, supplemental irrigation is recognized as both economically necessary [prevention of crop losses in periodic droughts] and as a means to improve overall crop water use effi...
3. Apical pressure created during irrigation with the GentleWave™ system compared to conventional syringe irrigation.

   PubMed Haapasalo, Markus; Shen, Ya; Wang, Zhejun; Park, Ellen; Curtis, Allison; Patel, Payal; Vandrangi, Prashanthi 2016-09-01 The purpose of this study is to compare pressures at the apical foramen created by conventional syringe irrigation and the GentleWave™ System, which releases high-velocity degassed irrigants to the pulp chamber and uses broad-spectrum sound energy for cleaning. The apical pressure generated during irrigation was measured for palatal and distobuccal root canals of four extracted maxillary molars after no instrumentation, minimal instrumentation to a size

   15/.04, instrumentation to a size

   40/.04 taper, and after perforating the apical foramen to size

   40. The root canals opened into an air-tight custom fixture coupled to a piezoresistive pressure transducer. Apical pressures were measured for the GentleWave™ System and syringe-needle irrigation at different irrigant flow rates, with the needle tip at 1 and 3 mm from the apical foramen using 30-gauge [G] open-ended or side-vented safety tip needles. The GentleWave™ System generated negative apical pressures [P < 0.001 compared with syringe irrigation]; the mean pressures were between -13.07 and -17.19 mmHg. The 30 G needles could not reach the 1 and 3 mm from the working length in uninstrumented and 1 mm in minimally instrumented canals. The mean positive pressures between 6.46 and 110.34 mmHg were measured with needle irrigation depending on the flow rate, needle insertion depth, and size of the root canal. The GentleWave™ System creates negative pressure at the apical foramen during root canal cleaning irrespective of the size of canal instrumentation. Positive apical pressures were measured for syringe irrigation. Negative pressure during irrigation contributes to improved safety as compared to high-positive pressure.

4. Irrigating forest plantations Treesearch Edward A. Hansen 1983-01-01 Irrigating forest plantations cannot be justified economically on yield increases alone under present market conditions. Other factors such as bringing noncommercial land into high production, insuring a constant wood supply, or providing a means to dispose of wastewater can add to the value of increasing yields and may make irrigation feasible in certain situations....
5. Mutational patterns in chemotherapy resistant muscle-invasive bladder cancer. PubMed Liu, David; Abbosh, Philip; Keliher, Daniel; Reardon, Brendan; Miao, Diana; Mouw, Kent; Weiner-Taylor, Amaro; Wankowicz, Stephanie; Han, Garam; Teo, Min Yuen; Cipolla, Catharine; Kim, Jaegil; Iyer, Gopa; Al-Ahmadie, Hikmat; Dulaimi, Essel; Chen, David Y T; Alpaugh, R Katherine; Hoffman-Censits, Jean; Garraway, Levi A; Getz, Gad; Carter, Scott L; Bellmunt, Joaquim; Plimack, Elizabeth R; Rosenberg, Jonathan E; Van Allen, Eliezer M 2017-12-19 Despite continued widespread use, the genomic effects of cisplatin-based chemotherapy and implications for subsequent treatment are incompletely characterized. Here, we analyze whole exome sequencing of matched pre- and post-neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy primary bladder tumor samples from 30 muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients. We observe no overall increase in tumor mutational burden post-chemotherapy, though a significant proportion of subclonal mutations are unique to the matched pre- or post-treatment tumor, suggesting chemotherapy-induced and/or spatial heterogeneity. We subsequently identify and validate a novel mutational signature in post-treatment tumors consistent with known characteristics of cisplatin damage and repair. We find that post-treatment tumor heterogeneity predicts worse overall survival, and further observe alterations in cell-cycle and immune checkpoint regulation genes in post-treatment tumors. These results provide insight into the clinical and genomic dynamics of tumor evolution with cisplatin-based chemotherapy, suggest mechanisms of clinical resistance, and inform development of clinically relevant biomarkers and trials of combination therapies.
6. Exercise Decreases and Smoking Increases Bladder Cancer Mortality PubMed Central Liss, Michael A.; White, Martha; Natarajan, Loki; Parsons, J. Kellogg 2018-01-01 Modifiable lifestyle factors play an important role regarding the development and outcomes in solid tumors. Whereas smoking has been attributed to bladder cancer and cessation leads to better outcome, we show that exercise may provide similar benefits regarding bladder cancer mortality Background The aim of this study was to investigate modifiable lifestyle factors of smoking, exercise, and obesity with bladder cancer mortality. Patients and Methods We used mortality-linked data from the National Health Information Survey from 1998 through 2006. The primary outcome was bladder cancer-specific mortality. The primary exposures were self-reported smoking status [never- vs. former vs. current smoker], self-reported exercise [dichotomized as “did no exercise” vs. “light, moderate, or vigorous exercise in ≥ 10-minute bouts”], and body mass index. We utilized multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models, with delayed entry to account for age at survey interview. Results Complete data were available on 222,163 participants, of whom 96,715 [44%] were men and 146,014 [66%] were non-Hispanic whites, and among whom we identified 83 bladder cancer-specific deaths. In multivariate analyses, individuals who reported any exercise were 47% less likely [adjusted hazard ratio [HRadj], 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29–0.96; P = .038] to die of bladder cancer than “no exercise”. Compared with never-smokers, current [HRadj, 4.24; 95% CI, 1.89–9.65; P = .001] and former [HRadj, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.50–5.79; P = .002] smokers were 4 and 3 times more likely, respectively, to die of bladder cancer. There were no significant associations of body mass index with bladder cancer mortality. Conclusion Exercise decreases and current smoking increases the risk of bladder cancer-specific mortality. These data suggest that exercise and smoking cessation interventions may reduce bladder cancer death. PMID:28007367
7. Where Does the Irrigation Water Go? An Estimate of the Contribution of Irrigation to Precipitation Using MERRA NASA Technical Reports Server [NTRS] Wei, Jiangfeng; Dirmeyer, Paul A.; Wisser, Dominik; Bosilovich, Michael G.; Mocko, David M. 2013-01-01 Irrigation is an important human activity that may impact local and regional climate, but current climate model simulations and data assimilation systems generally do not explicitly include it. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts [ECMWF] Interim Re-Analysis [ERA-Interim] shows more irrigation signal in surface evapotranspiration [ET] than the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications [MERRA] because ERA-Interim adjusts soil moisture according to the observed surface temperature and humidity while MERRA has no explicit consideration of irrigation at the surface. But, when compared with the results from a hydrological model with detailed considerations of agriculture, the ET from both reanalyses show large deficiencies in capturing the impact of irrigation. Here, a back-trajectory method is used to estimate the contribution of irrigation to precipitation over local and surrounding regions, using MERRA with observation-based corrections and added irrigation-caused ET increase from the hydrological model. Results show substantial contributions of irrigation to precipitation over heavily irrigated regions in Asia, but the precipitation increase is much less than the ET increase over most areas, indicating that irrigation could lead to water deficits over these regions. For the same increase in ET, precipitation increases are larger over wetter areas where convection is more easily triggered, but the percentage increase in precipitation is similar for different areas. There are substantial regional differences in the patterns of irrigation impact, but, for all the studied regions, the highest percentage contribution to precipitation is over local land.
8. Effective colostomy irrigation. PubMed Mazier, W P; Dignan, R D; Capehart, R J; Smith, B G 1976-06-01 The ultimate goal of the cone method of colostomy irrigation is to return patients with colostomies to their former role in society with confidence in themselves to the extent that having a colostomy is not considered a handicap. The results have generally been excellent. We believe all patients with stomas should be afforded the opportunity to attempt colostomy irrigation.
9. Bladder Smooth Muscle Cells Differentiation from Dental Pulp Stem Cells: Future Potential for Bladder Tissue Engineering PubMed Central Song, Bing; Jiang, Wenkai; Alraies, Amr; Liu, Qian; Gudla, Vijay; Oni, Julia; Wei, Xiaoqing; Sloan, Alastair; Ni, Longxing; Agarwal, Meena 2016-01-01 Dental pulp stem cells [DPSCs] are multipotent cells capable of differentiating into multiple cell lines, thus providing an alternative source of cell for tissue engineering. Smooth muscle cell [SMC] regeneration is a crucial step in tissue engineering of the urinary bladder. It is known that DPSCs have the potential to differentiate into a smooth muscle phenotype in vitro with differentiation agents. However, most of these studies are focused on the vascular SMCs. The optimal approaches to induce human DPSCs to differentiate into bladder SMCs are still under investigation. We demonstrate in this study the ability of human DPSCs to differentiate into bladder SMCs in a growth environment containing bladder SMCs-conditioned medium with the addition of the transforming growth factor beta 1 [TGF-β1]. After 14 days of exposure to this medium, the gene and protein expression of SMC-specific marker [α-SMA, desmin, and calponin] increased over time. In particular, myosin was present in differentiated cells after 11 days of induction, which indicated that the cells differentiated into the mature SMCs. These data suggested that human DPSCs could be used as an alternative and less invasive source of stem cells for smooth muscle regeneration, a technology that has applications for bladder tissue engineering. PMID:26880982
10. Kindlin-2 Expression in Arsenite and Cadmium Transformed Bladder Cancer Cell Lines and in Archival Specimens of Human Bladder Cancer PubMed Central Talaat, Sherine; Somji, Seema; Toni, Conrad; Garrett, Scott H.; Zhou, Xu Dong; Sens, Mary Ann; Sens, Donald A. 2011-01-01 Objective The goal of this study was to confirm a microarray study that suggested that Kindlin-2 might play a role in the development and progression of bladder cancer. There has been no previous examination of Kindlin-2 expression in human bladder cancer. Methods A combination of real time PCR, western analysis and immunohistochemistry was used to characterize Kindlin-2 expression in arsenite [As+3] and cadmium [Cd+2] transformed human cell lines, their tumor transplants in immune-compromised mice, and in archival specimens of human bladder and bladder cancer. Results The results show that the Kindlin-2 expression patterns in the cell lines were not duplicated in the tumor tissues. However, it was shown that Kindlin-2 was expressed in the stromal element of all the transplanted tumors and archival specimens of human bladder cancer. It was also shown that a small number of high grade invasive urothelial cancers have focal expression of Kindlin-2 in the tumor cells. Conclusion Kindlin-2 is expressed in the stromal component of most, if not all, human bladder cancers. Kindlin-2 is not expressed in normal urothelium. Kindlin-2 is expressed in a small subset of high grade invasive bladder cancers and may have potential as a prognostic marker for tumor progression. PMID:21624607
11. Bladder symptoms assessed with overactive bladder questionnaire in Parkinson's disease. PubMed Iacovelli, Elisa; Gilio, Francesca; Meco, Giuseppe; Fattapposta, Francesco; Vanacore, Nicola; Brusa, Livia; Giacomelli, Elena; Gabriele, Maria; Rubino, Alfonso; Locuratolo, Nicoletta; Iani, Cesare; Pichiorri, Floriana; Colosimo, Carlo; Carbone, Antonio; Palleschi, Giovanni; Inghilleri, Maurizio 2010-07-15 In Parkinson's disease [PD] the urinary dysfunction manifests primarily with symptoms of overactive bladder [OAB]. The OAB questionnaire [OAB-q] is a measure designed to assess the impact of OAB symptoms on health-related quality of life. In this study, we quantified the urinary symptoms in a large cohort of PD patients by using the OAB-q short form. Possible correlations between the OAB-q and clinical features were tested. Three hundred and two PD patients were enrolled in the study. Correlations between the OAB-q and sex, age, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III [UPDRS-III], Hoehn-Yahr [H-Y] staging, disease duration, and treatment were analyzed. Data were compared with a large cohort of 303 age-matched healthy subjects. The OAB-q yielded significantly higher scores in PD patients than in healthy subjects. In the group of PD patients, all the variables tested were similar between men and women. Pearson's coefficient showed a significant correlation between mean age, disease duration, mean OAB-q scores, UPDRS-III scores, and H-Y staging. A multiple linear regression analysis showed that OAB-q values were significantly influenced by age and UPDRS-III. No statistical correlations were found between OAB-q scores and drug therapy or the equivalent levodopa dose, whilst the items relating to the nocturia symptoms were significantly associated with the equivalent levodopa dose. Our findings suggest that bladder dysfunction assessed by OAB-q mainly correlates with UPDRS-III scores for severity of motor impairment, possibly reflecting the known role of the decline in nigrostriatal dopaminergic function in bladder dysfunction associated with PD and patients' age. Our study also suggests that the OAB-q is a simple, easily administered test that can objectively evaluate bladder function in patients with PD.
12. Genetic determinants in the metabolism of bladder carcinogens in relation to risk of bladder cancer PubMed Central Yuan, Jian-Min; Chan, Kenneth K.; Coetzee, Gerhard A.; Castelao, J.Esteban; Watson, Mary A.; Bell, Douglas A.; Wang, Renwei; Yu, Mimi C. 2008-01-01 Genetically determined factors that alter the metabolism of tobacco carcinogens can influence an individual’s susceptibility to bladder cancer. The associations between the genotypes of glutathione S-transferase [GST] M1, GSTP1, GSTT1 and N-acetyltransferase [NAT] 1 and the phenotypes of NAT2 and cytochrome P450 [CYP] 1A2 and bladder cancer risk were examined in a case–control study involving 731 bladder cancer patients and 740 control subjects in Los Angeles County, California. Individual null/low-activity genotypes of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 were associated with a 19–48% increase in odds ratio [OR] of bladder cancer. The strongest association was noted for GSTM1 [OR for the null genotype = 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19–1.83]. When the three GST genes were examined together, there was a monotonic, statistically significant association between increasing number of null/low-activity genotypes and risk [P for trend = 0.002]. OR [95% CI] for one and two or more null/low-activity GST genotypes was 1.42 [1.12–1.81] and 1.71 [1.25–2.34], respectively, relative to the absence of null/low-activity GST genotype. NAT2 slow acetylation was associated with doubled risk of bladder cancer among individuals with known high exposures to carcinogenic arylamines [OR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.12–3.69, P = 0.02]. The effect of NAT2 slow acetylation was even stronger in the presence of two or more null/low-activity GST genotypes. There were no associations between bladder cancer risk and NAT1 genotype or CYP1A2 phenotype. PMID:18544563
13. Multivariate time series modeling of short-term system scale irrigation demand NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Perera, Kushan C.; Western, Andrew W.; George, Biju; Nawarathna, Bandara 2015-12-01 Travel time limits the ability of irrigation system operators to react to short-term irrigation demand fluctuations that result from variations in weather, including very hot periods and rainfall events, as well as the various other pressures and opportunities that farmers face. Short-term system-wide irrigation demand forecasts can assist in system operation. Here we developed a multivariate time series [ARMAX] model to forecast irrigation demands with respect to aggregated service points flows [IDCGi, ASP] and off take regulator flows [IDCGi, OTR] based across 5 command areas, which included area covered under four irrigation channels and the study area. These command area specific ARMAX models forecast 1-5 days ahead daily IDCGi, ASP and IDCGi, OTR using the real time flow data recorded at the service points and the uppermost regulators and observed meteorological data collected from automatic weather stations. The model efficiency and the predictive performance were quantified using the root mean squared error [RMSE], Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient [NSE], anomaly correlation coefficient [ACC] and mean square skill score [MSSS]. During the evaluation period, NSE for IDCGi, ASP and IDCGi, OTR across 5 command areas were ranged 0.98-0.78. These models were capable of generating skillful forecasts [MSSS ⩾ 0.5 and ACC ⩾ 0.6] of IDCGi, ASP and IDCGi, OTR for all 5 lead days and IDCGi, ASP and IDCGi, OTR forecasts were better than using the long term monthly mean irrigation demand. Overall these predictive performance from the ARMAX time series models were higher than almost all the previous studies we are aware. Further, IDCGi, ASP and IDCGi, OTR forecasts have improved the operators' ability to react for near future irrigation demand fluctuations as the developed ARMAX time series models were self-adaptive to reflect the short-term changes in the irrigation demand with respect to various pressures and opportunities that farmers' face, such as
14. Evaluation of polyacrylamide on irrigation efficiency, soil conservation, and water quality in furrow irrigated Mid-South cotton production USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database Arkansas is a leading state in irrigated acres in the United States. As such, resulting groundwater decline and irrigation-induced soil erosion can have negative impacts. This establishes a need for irrigation management practices to improve irrigation efficiency as well as reduce soil erosion and i...
15. Bladder preservation in non-metastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer [MIBC]: a single-institution experience PubMed Central Gerardi, Marianna A.; Jereczek-Fossa, Barbara A.; Zerini, Dario; Surgo, Alessia; Dicuonzo, Samantha; Spoto, Ruggero; Fodor, Cristiana; Verri, Elena; Rocca, Maria Cossu; Nolè, Franco; Muto, Matteo; Ferro, Matteo; Musi, Gennaro; Bottero, Danilo; Matei, Deliu V.; De Cobelli, Ottavio; Orecchia, Roberto 2016-01-01 The aim of this study is to access the feasibility, toxicity profile, and tumour outcome of an organ preservation curative approach in non-metastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer. A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients affected by M0 bladder cancer, who refused cystectomy and were treated with a curative approach. The standard bladder preservation scheme included maximal transurethral resection of bladder tumour [TURBT] and combination of radiotherapy and platin-based chemotherapy, followed by endoscopic evaluation, urine cytology, and instrumental evaluation. Thirteen patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. TNM stage was cT2cN0M0 and cT2cNxM0, in 12 and one patients, respectively. All patients had transitional cell cancer. Twelve patients completed the whole therapeutic programme [a bimodal treatment without chemotherapy for one patient]. Median follow-up is 36 months. None of the patients developed severe urinary or intestinal acute toxicity. In 10 patients with a follow-up > 6 months, no cases of severe late toxicity were observed. Response evaluated in 12 patients included complete response and stable disease in 11 patients [92%], and one patient [8%], respectively. At the time of data analysis [March 2016], 10 patients [77%] are alive with no evidence of disease, two patients [15%] died for other reasons, and one patient has suspicious persistent local disease. The trimodality approach, including maximal TURBT, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, is well-tolerated and might be considered a valid and feasible option in fit patients who refuse radical cystectomy. PMID:27563352
16. Bladder preservation in non-metastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer [MIBC]: a single-institution experience. PubMed Gerardi, Marianna A; Jereczek-Fossa, Barbara A; Zerini, Dario; Surgo, Alessia; Dicuonzo, Samantha; Spoto, Ruggero; Fodor, Cristiana; Verri, Elena; Rocca, Maria Cossu; Nolè, Franco; Muto, Matteo; Ferro, Matteo; Musi, Gennaro; Bottero, Danilo; Matei, Deliu V; De Cobelli, Ottavio; Orecchia, Roberto 2016-01-01 The aim of this study is to access the feasibility, toxicity profile, and tumour outcome of an organ preservation curative approach in non-metastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer. A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients affected by M0 bladder cancer, who refused cystectomy and were treated with a curative approach. The standard bladder preservation scheme included maximal transurethral resection of bladder tumour [TURBT] and combination of radiotherapy and platin-based chemotherapy, followed by endoscopic evaluation, urine cytology, and instrumental evaluation. Thirteen patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. TNM stage was cT2cN0M0 and cT2cNxM0, in 12 and one patients, respectively. All patients had transitional cell cancer. Twelve patients completed the whole therapeutic programme [a bimodal treatment without chemotherapy for one patient]. Median follow-up is 36 months. None of the patients developed severe urinary or intestinal acute toxicity. In 10 patients with a follow-up > 6 months, no cases of severe late toxicity were observed. Response evaluated in 12 patients included complete response and stable disease in 11 patients [92%], and one patient [8%], respectively. At the time of data analysis [March 2016], 10 patients [77%] are alive with no evidence of disease, two patients [15%] died for other reasons, and one patient has suspicious persistent local disease. The trimodality approach, including maximal TURBT, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, is well-tolerated and might be considered a valid and feasible option in fit patients who refuse radical cystectomy.
17. Irrigation dynamics associated with positive pressure, apical negative pressure and passive ultrasonic irrigations: a computational fluid dynamics analysis. PubMed Chen, José Enrique; Nurbakhsh, Babak; Layton, Gillian; Bussmann, Markus; Kishen, Anil 2014-08-01 Complexities in root canal anatomy and surface adherent biofilm structures remain as challenges in endodontic disinfection. The ability of an irrigant to penetrate into the apical region of a canal, along with its interaction with the root canal walls, will aid in endodontic disinfection. The aim of this study was to qualitatively examine the irrigation dynamics of syringe irrigation with different needle tip designs [open-ended and closed-ended], apical negative pressure irrigation with the EndoVac® system, and passive ultrasonic-assisted irrigation, using a computational fluid dynamics model. Syringe-based irrigation with a side-vented needle showed a higher wall shear stress than the open-ended but was localised to a small region of the canal wall. The apical negative pressure mode of irrigation generated the lowest wall shear stress, while the passive-ultrasonic irrigation group showed the highest wall shear stress along with the greatest magnitude of velocity. © 2013 The Authors. Australian Endodontic Journal © 2013 Australian Society of Endodontology.
18. Partial root-zone drying and conventional deficit irrigation applied during the whole berry growth maintain yield and berry quality in 'Crimson Seedless' table grapes NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Pérez-Pastor, Alejandro; Domingo, Rafael; De la Rosa, Jose M.°; Rosario Conesa Saura, M.° 2016-04-01 To compare the effects of partial root-zone drying and conventional deficit irrigation applied during post-veraison and the whole berry growth on water relations, yield and berry quality, one experiment was conducted in a commercial vineyard of 'Crimson Seedless' table grapes. Five irrigation treatments were imposed: [i] Control [CTL] irrigated to 110% of crop evapotranspiration [ETc], [ii] regulated deficit irrigation [RDI] irrigated at 50% of CTL during the non- critical period of post-verasion, [iii] continuous deficit irrigation [DIc], irrigated at 50% of CTL throughout the whole berry growing season, [iv] partial root-zone drying [PRD], irrigated similar to RDI, but alternating the irrigation applied in the dry side every 10-14 days; and [v] continuous partial root-zone drying [PRDc], irrigated as DIc but alternating the irrigation in the dry side every 10-14 days. RDI and PRD received 24% and 28% less water than CTL, respectively. These reductions were higher in DIc and PRDc [65% and 53%, respectively]. Total yield was not affected by any DI strategy. Only significantly lower values were observed in the weight and height's berries in respect to CTL. However, the colour parameters evaluated increased in all DI treatments, being slightly higher in DIc and PRDc compared with RDI and PRD. In addition, total soluble solids [TSS] were significantly higher in DIc, compared to other irrigated counterparts. Our findings showed that the application of water deficit during the whole berry growth through the use of DIc and PRDc, can be considered for irrigation scheduling in 'Crimson Seedless' table grapes. Acknowledgements This work has been funded by the European Union LIFE+ project IRRIMAN [LIFE13 ENV/ES/000539].
19. A huge bladder calculus causing acute renal failure. PubMed Komeya, Mitsuru; Sahoda, Tamami; Sugiura, Shinpei; Sawada, Takuto; Kitami, Kazuo 2013-02-01 A 81-year-old male was referred to our emergency outpatient unit due to acute renal failure. The level of serum creatinine was 276 μmol/l. A CT scan showed bilateral hydronephroureter, large bladder stone [7 cm × 6 cm × 6 cm] and bladder wall thickness. He was diagnosed as post renal failure due to bilateral hydronephroureter. Large bladder stone is thought to be the cause of bilateral hydronephroureter and renal failure. To improve renal failure, we performed open cystolithotomy and urethral catheterization. Three days after the surgery, the level of serum creatinine decreased to 224 μmol/l. He was discharged from our hospital with uneventful course. Bladder calculus is thought to be a rare cause of renal failure. We summarize the characteristics of bladder calculus causing renal failure. We should keep that long-term pyuria and urinary symptom, and repeated urinary tract infection can cause huge bladder calculus and renal failure in mind.
20. Prevention of symptomatic vasospasm by continuous cisternal irrigation with mock-CSF containing ascorbic acid and Mg[2+]. PubMed Satoh, Akira; Sugiyama, Tatsuya; Ooigawa, Hidetoshi; Nakajima, Hiroyuki; Ogura, Takeshi; Neki, Hiroaki; Morikawa, Eiharu 2010-01-01 Symptomatic vasospasm [SVS] is still a major cause of poor outcome in cases undergoing early surgical intervention for ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Among the numbers of therapeutic trials to prevent and ameliorate neurological deterioration due to SVS, removal or quenching of oxy-hemoglobin [OxyHb] from subarachnoid colts and administration of Mg[2+] [Mg] have especially been expected to be effective. In this report the authors investigated the effect of continuous cisternal irrigation [CCI] with mock CSF containing ascorbic acid [ASA] and Mg, performed after early surgery for ruptured aneurysm. Sixty-three cases which had received CCI were retrospectively compared with 40 control cases as to the incidence of SVS and outcome. Incidence of SVS was significantly less frequent [P < 0.05] in the CCI group [11%] than in the control group [25%]. Severe and definitive SVS requiring additional specific treatment occurred only in 3.2% of the CCI group, while 22.5% in the control [P < 0.01]. Overall outcome at discharge was significantly better in the CCI group than in the control [P < 0.01]. Postoperative CCI with ASA and Mg was definitively effective in preventing SVS and in lessening severity of SVS if it occurs.

1. Remote-Sensing-Based Evaluation of Relative Consumptive Use Between Flood- and Drip-Irrigated Fields NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Martinez Baquero, G. F.; Jordan, D. L.; Whittaker, A. T.; Allen, R. G. 2013-12-01 Governments and water authorities are compelled to evaluate the impacts of agricultural irrigation on economic development and sustainability as water supply shortages continue to increase in many communities. One of the strategies commonly used to reduce such impacts is the conversion of traditional irrigation methods towards more water-efficient practices. As part of a larger effort by the New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission to understand the environmental and economic impact of converting from flood irrigation to drip irrigation, this study evaluates the water-saving effectiveness of drip irrigation in Deming, New Mexico, using a remote-sensing-based technique combined with ground data collection. The remote-sensing-based technique used relative temperature differences as a proxy for water use to show relative differences in crop consumptive use between flood- and drip-irrigated fields. Temperature analysis showed that, on average, drip-irrigated fields were cooler than flood-irrigated fields, indicating higher water use. The higher consumption of water by drip-irrigated fields was supported by a determination of evapotranspiration [ET] from all fields using the METRIC Landsat-based surface energy balance model. METRIC analysis yielded higher instantaneous ET for drip-irrigated fields when compared to flood-irrigated fields and confirmed that drip-irrigated fields consumed more water than flood-irrigated fields planted with the same crop. More water use generally results in more biomass and hence higher crop yield, and this too was confirmed by greater relative Normalized Difference Vegetation Index for the drip irrigated fields. Results from this study confirm previous estimates regarding the impacts of increased efficiency of drip irrigation on higher water consumption in the area [Ward and Pulido-Velazquez, 2008]. The higher water consumption occurs with drip because, with the limited water supplies and regulated maximum limits on pumping amounts, the
2. Alterations in Bladder Function Associated With Urothelial Defects in Uroplakin II and IIIa Knockout Mice PubMed Central Aboushwareb, Tamer; Zhou, Ge; Deng, Fang-Ming; Turner, Chanda; Andersson, Karl-Erik; Tar, Moses; Zhao, Weixin; Melman, Arnold; D’Agostino, Ralph; Sun, Tung-Tien; Christ, George J. 2014-01-01 Aims The effects of deleting genes encoding uroplakins II [UPII] and III [UPIIIa] on mouse bladder physiology/ dysfunction were studied in male and female wild type and knockout [KO] mice. Methods UPII, UPIIIa, and WT mice were catheterized using previously described techniques. Continuous cystometry was conducted in conscious, freely moving animals. Bladder strips were harvested after animal sacrifice and pharmacological studies and EFS were conducted in an organ chamber. Histological studies were also carried on with H&E staining to identify differences among the three mouse types. Results These studies have revealed numerous alterations, some of which were apparently gender-specific. Nonvoiding contractions were common in both UPII and UPIIIa KO mice, although more severe in the former. In particular, the increased bladder capacity, micturition pressure and demonstrable nonvoiding contractions observed in the male UPII KO’s, were reminiscent of an obstruction-like syndrome accompanied by evidence of emerging bladder decompensation, as reflected by an increased residual volume. Pharmacological studies revealed a modest, gender-specific reduction in sensitivity of isolated detrusor strips from UPII KO female mice to carbachol-induced contractions. A similar reduction was observed in UPIIIa KO female mice. Histological investigation showed urothelial hyperplasia in both UPII KO and UPIIIa KO mice, although again, apparently more severe in the former. Conclusions These results confirm and extend previous work to indicate that urothelial defects due to uroplakin deficiency are associated with significant alterations in bladder function and further highlight the importance of the urothelium to bladder physiology/dysfunction. PMID:19267388
3. Neurogenic bladder MedlinePlus ... cause skin to break down and lead to pressure sores Kidney damage if the bladder becomes too full, ... dysfunction; NBSD Patient Instructions Multiple sclerosis - discharge Preventing pressure ulcers Images Voiding cystourethrogram References Chapple CR, Osman NI. ...
4. Sealed-bladdered chemical processing method and apparatus DOEpatents Harless, D. Phillip 1999-01-01 A method and apparatus which enables a complete multi-stepped chemical treatment process to occur within a single, sealed-bladdered vessel 31. The entire chemical process occurs without interruption of the sealed-bladdered vessel 31 such as opening the sealed-bladdered vessel 31 between various steps of the process. The sealed-bladdered vessel 31 is loaded with a batch to be dissolved, treated, decanted, rinsed and/or dried. A pressure filtration step may also occur. The self-contained chemical processing apparatus 32 contains a sealed-bladder 32, a fluid pump 34, a reservoir 20, a compressed gas inlet, a vacuum pump 24, and a cold trap 23 as well as the associated piping 33, numerous valves 21,22,25,26,29,30,35,36 and other controls associated with such an apparatus. The claimed invention allows for dissolution and/or chemical treatment without the operator of the self-contained chemical processing apparatus 38 coming into contact with any of the process materials.
5. Drip irrigation management in different chufa planting strategies: yield and irrigation water use efficiency NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Pascual-Seva, Nuria; San Bautista, Alberto; López-Galarza, Salvador; Maroto, José Vicente; Pascual, Bernardo 2013-04-01 In a study presented in the EGU assembly 2012, it was analysed how yield and irrigation water use efficiency [IWUE] in chufa [Cyperus esculentus L. var. sativus], crop, were affected by planting strategy [ridges and flat raised beds, with two and three plant rows along them] and irrigation system [furrow [FI] and drip irrigation [DI]]. Each irrigation session started when the Volumetric Soil Water Content [VSWC] in ridges dropped to 80% of field capacity; beds were irrigated simultaneously with ridges and with the same irrigation duration. R produced lower yield than the two types of beds, and yields in DI were higher than those FI. Ridges led to the highest IWUE with DI, and to the lowest with FI. Then, it was decided to analyse, in DI, how yield and IWUE responded to start each irrigation session when the VSWC in the central point of different planting strategies [ridges [R], and flat raised beds with two [b] and three [B] plant rows along them] dropped to 80% of field capacity. In R and b, plants were irrigated by a single dripline per plant row, while in B two irrigation layouts were assayed: a single dripline per plant row [B3] and two driplines per bed [B2], placing each dripline between two planting rows. Irrigation session stop was also automated as a function of the VSWC. Results show that yield was affected [P˜0.01] by planting strategy; the greatest yield was obtained in b [2.4 kgm-2], differing [P˜0.05] from that obtained in R [2.1 kgm-2], with intermediate yields in B2 [2.3 kgm-2] and B3 [2.3 kgm-2]. Yield was not affected [P˜0.05] by the utilisation of two or three driplines in B. Considerably less irrigation water was applied [IWA] in R [376 mm] than in B3 [465 mm], B2 [475 mm] and b [502 mm]. This automatic irrigation management, as a function of the VSWC in each planting strategy, lead to adjust the IWA to the plant water requirements, which were similar in all three flat raised beds, since they correspond to the same planting density, that was
6. Subsurface agricultural irrigation drainage: the need for regulation. PubMed Lemly, A D 1993-04-01 Subsurface drainage resulting from irrigated agriculture is a toxic threat to fish and wildlife resources throughout the western United States. Studies by the U.S. Department of the Interior show that migratory waterfowl have been poisoned by drainwater contaminants on at least six national wildlife refuges. Allowing this poisoning to continue is a violation of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act under U.S. Federal law. Critical wetlands and waterfowl populations are threatened in both the Pacific and Central flyways. The public is also at risk and health warnings have been issued in some locations. Subsurface irrigation drainage is a complex effluent containing toxic concentrations of trace elements, salts, and nitrogenous compounds. Some of the contaminants are classified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] as priority pollutants and they can be present in concentrations that exceed EPA's criteria for toxic waste. The on-farm drainage systems used to collect and transport this wastewater provide point-source identification as well as a mechanism for toxics control through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System [NPDES] permit process. A four-step approach is presented for dealing with irrigation drainage in an environmentally sound manner. This regulatory strategy is very similar to those commonly used for industrial discharges and includes site evaluation, contaminant reduction through NPDES, and compliance monitoring. The EPA must recognize subsurface irrigation drainage as a specific class of pollution subject to regulation under the NPDES process. Active involvement by EPA is necessary to ensure that adequate controls on this wastewater are implemented.
7. Research progress on bladder cancer molecular genetics. PubMed Kang, Zhengjun; Li, Yuhui; Yu, Yang; Guo, Zhan 2014-11-01 Bladder cancer is a common malignant urinary tumor with a high rate of recurrence and quick progression, which threats human health. With the research on bladder cancer molecular genetics, the knowledge of gene modification and the development of molecular detection methods, more tumor markers have been discovered, which may have potential for early diagnosis, clinical examination and prognosis. This article reviews the research progress on bladder cancer molecular genetics.
8. Urothelial Tight Junction Barrier Dysfunction Sensitizes Bladder Afferents PubMed Central Rued, Anna C.; Taiclet, Stefanie N.; Birder, Lori A.; Kullmann, F. Aura 2017-01-01 Abstract Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome [IC/BPS] is a chronic voiding disorder that presents with pain in the urinary bladder and surrounding pelvic region. A growing body of evidence suggests that an increase in the permeability of the urothelium, the epithelial barrier that lines the interior of the bladder, contributes to the symptoms of IC/BPS. To examine the consequence of increased urothelial permeability on pelvic pain and afferent excitability, we overexpressed in the urothelium claudin 2 [Cldn2], a tight junction [TJ]-associated protein whose message is significantly upregulated in biopsies of IC/BPS patients. Consistent with the presence of bladder-derived pain, rats overexpressing Cldn2 showed hypersensitivity to von Frey filaments applied to the pelvic region. Overexpression of Cldn2 increased the expression of c-Fos and promoted the activation of ERK1/2 in spinal cord segments receiving bladder input, which we conceive is the result of noxious stimulation of afferent pathways. To determine whether the mechanical allodynia observed in rats with reduced urothelial barrier function results from altered afferent activity, we examined the firing of acutely isolated bladder sensory neurons. In patch-clamp recordings, about 30% of the bladder sensory neurons from rats transduced with Cldn2, but not controls transduced with GFP, displayed spontaneous activity. Furthermore, bladder sensory neurons with tetrodotoxin-sensitive [TTX-S] action potentials from rats transduced with Cldn2 showed hyperexcitability in response to suprathreshold electrical stimulation. These findings suggest that as a result of a leaky urothelium, the diffusion of urinary solutes through the urothelial barrier sensitizes bladders afferents, promoting voiding at low filling volumes and pain. PMID:28560313
9. Extravasation of the contrast media during voiding cystourethrography in a long-term spinal cord injury patient. PubMed Kovindha, A; Sivasomboon, C; Ovatakanont, P 2005-07-01 To present complications and pitfalls in voiding cystourethrography [VCUG] and introduce a guideline for performing VCUG in a long-term spinal cord injury [SCI] patient with neurogenic bladder dysfunction [NBD] and contracted bladder. A case report. Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand. We describe a chronic C[5] tetraplegic man with NBD and contracted bladder, who developed autonomic dysreflexia [AD], gross hematuria and extravasation of contrast median during VCUG. A foley catheter was retained after VCUG. AD was resolved and urine cleared after a week of continuous bladder irrigation. VCUG should be performed with caution in a long-term SCI patient with NBD and contracted bladder. Forceful pushing of the contrast media by the hand-injection method caused abrupt distention of the contracted bladder, damaged bladder mucosa and aggrevated AD. We suggest a guideline as follows: report bladder capacity and AD, if present, in an X-ray requisition form; use the gravity-drip method, stop the drip and drain the contrast media if a sudden headache and rising of blood pressure [BP] develop; observe urine colour, and report if bleeding or AD occurs.
10. Does the valve regulated release of urine from the bladder decrease encrustation and blockage of indwelling catheters by crystalline proteus mirabilis biofilms? PubMed Sabbuba, N A; Stickler, D J; Long, M J; Dong, Z; Short, T D; Feneley, R J C 2005-01-01 We tested whether valve regulated, intermittent flow of urine from catheterized bladders decreases catheter encrustation. Laboratory models of the catheterized bladder were infected with Proteus mirabilis. Urine was allowed to drain continuously through the catheters or regulated by valves to drain intermittently at predetermined intervals. The time that catheters required to become blocked was recorded and encrustation was visualized by scanning electron microscopy. When a manual valve was used to drain urine from the bladder at 2-hour intervals 4 times during the day, catheters required significantly longer to become blocked than those on continuous drainage [mean 62.6 vs 35.9 hours, p = 0.039]. A similar 1.7-fold increase occurred when urine was drained at 4-hour intervals 3 times daily. Experiments with an automatic valve in which urine was released at 2 or 4-hour intervals through the day and night also showed a significant increase in mean time to blockage compared with continuous drainage [p = 0.001]. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that crystalline biofilm was less extensive on valve regulated catheters. Valve regulated, intermittent flow of urine through catheters increases the time that catheters require to become blocked with crystalline biofilm. The most beneficial effect was recorded when urine was released from the bladder at 4-hour intervals throughout the day and night by an automatic valve.
11. Large sliding inguino-scrotal hernia of the urinary bladder PubMed Central Wang, Ping; Huang, Yonggang; Ye, Jing; Gao, Guodong; Zhang, Fangjie; Wu, Hao 2018-01-01 Abstract Rationale: Sliding inguinal hernias of the urinary bladder are protrusions of the bladder through the internal inguinal ring, most of which are insignificant and diagnosed intra-operatively. Large inguino-scrotal bladder hernias commonly present with lower urinary tract symptoms and may cause severe complications, including bladder incarceration or necrosis, bladder hemorrhage, obstructive or neurogenic bladder dysfunction, and even renal failure. Patient concerns: We describe and discuss the clinical findings and management of a 59-year-old man who complained of a decrease in scrotal size after voiding and 2-stage voiding requiring pressure to the scrotum. Diagnoses: The patient was diagnosed preoperatively as massive, bilateral, inguinoscrotal hernias, and a large, left-sided, sliding bladder hernia. Interventions: The patient underwent a timely open re-peritoneal inguinal herniorrhaphy using a mesh. Outcomes: The surgical outcomes were good, and no surgical site infection, chronic postoperative inguinal pain or recurrence were recorded during the follow-up. Lessons: Better knowledge of this rare condition of large inguino-scrotal sliding bladder hernia could help in making a correct diagnosis preoperatively and provide proper surgical management timely, so as to reduce delay in treatment and avoid potential complications. PMID:29595706
12. How should bladder sensation be measured? ICI-RS 2011. PubMed De Wachter, S; Smith, Philip P; Smith, P; Tannenbaum, C; Van Koeveringe, G; Drake, M; Wyndaele, J J; Chapple, C 2012-03-01 Disturbed bladder sensations, or in broader terms, sensory dysfunctions are increasingly recognized as key elements in the origin and manifestation of symptom syndromes of urinary dysfunction. Adequate assessment of bladder sensation is crucial to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of urinary dysfunction. This manuscript summarizes the discussions of a think tank on "How to measure bladder sensation" held at the ICI-RS meeting in 2011. Based upon literature reviews on bladder sensation presented at the think tank in the ICI-RS meeting, discussions evolved which were summarized in the ICI-RS report. Different physicians/researchers further elaborated on this report, which is presented in this manuscript. Bladder sensations are not merely the result of bladder distension. Other factors inside the bladder or bladder wall: central processing and/or cognitive manipulation may play an important role. Current methods to measure sensations such as urodynamics, voiding diaries, forced diuresis, electrical stimulation and brain imaging are likely sub-optimal as they only consider part of these factors in isolation. Different methods to measure bladder sensations have been described and are used in clinical practice. Current methods only address part of the parameters responsible for the generation and perception of urinary sensations. Further focused research is required, and several recommendations are provided. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
13. Small-Scale Surface [Tank] Irrigation in Asia NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Palanisami, K.; Easter, K. William 1987-05-01 Tank irrigation is an ancient tradition in Asia which is now being reviewed as a potential model for future irrigation expansion. South India has thousands of tanks which are in need of rehabilitation after being in operation for over a century. This study evaluates tank irrigation in an area of south India which has the greatest concentration of tanks. Constraints and unique characteristics of tank irrigation are analyzed to provide a basis for devising strategies for improving tank irrigation. A combination of public and private investments along with institutional changes are recommended to help farmers organize to improve irrigation. Yet, only if public investment is carefully integrated with existing private efforts will farmers have incentives to maintain the irrigation systems.
14. Prompt diagnosis key in bladder cancer. PubMed DeSouza, Karen; Chowdhury, Simon; Hughes, Simon 2014-01-01 Bladder cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer involving the urinary tract and is the seventh most common cancer in the UK. Delayed diagnosis is associated with high-grade muscle invasive disease which has the potential to progress rapidly, metastasise and is often fatal. Urothelial cancer [transitional cell carcinoma] is the predominant histological subtype in Europe, where it accounts for 90% of all bladder cancers. Haematuria, which is typically intermittent, frank, painless and at times present throughout micturition, is the classical and most common presentation of bladder cancer. However, irritative symptoms such as dysuria, urgency, urge incontinence and frequency as well as obstructive symptoms can also be experienced. Fatigue; weight loss; anorexia; renal failure; respiratory symptoms and a suprapubic palpable mass are usually signs of advanced or metastatic malignancy. Cigarette smokers have up to four times the risk of bladder cancer compared with non-smokers. Other risk factors include: exposure to aniline dyes; use of cyclophosphamide; history of pelvic radiation; exposure to chemical carcinogens associated with certain industries; spinal cord injuries requiring long-term indwelling catheters; type 2 diabetes treated with pioglitazone and condylomata acuminata. Frank haematuria has a high diagnostic yield for malignancies involving the urinary tract and initial routine tests should be directed towards identifying a variety of potential non-malignant causes. A thorough physical examination should be undertaken to identify evidence of bleeding diathesis and metastatic malignancy. Suggested laboratory investigations include FBC, coagulation, creatinine and PSA. The diagnosis of bladder cancer is based on urine cytology, cystoscopy and pathological assessment of the bladder biopsy.
15. A Very Long Foreign Body in the Bladder PubMed Central Imai, Atsushi; Suzuki, Yuichiro; Hashimoto, Yasuhiro; Sasaki, Atsushi; Saitoh, Hisao; Ohyama, Chikara 2011-01-01 In the urinary tract, foreign body is most commonly found in the urinary bladder. But it is anatomically very difficult for a man to self-insert a long object into the urinary bladder. Here we report a case of a 49-year-old Japanese man who has inserted a 140-cm vinyl tube in the bladder for masturbation. He could not retrieve it, and the bladder foreign body remained in this position for about two years. He was referred to our hospital and open surgery was performed. PMID:21687624
16. Ultrasound: Renal [Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder] [For Parents] MedlinePlus ... Staying Safe Videos for Educators Search English Español Ultrasound: Renal [Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder] KidsHealth / For Parents / Ultrasound: Renal [Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder] What's in this article? ...
17. Significance of Random Bladder Biopsies in Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer PubMed Central Kumano, Masafumi; Miyake, Hideaki; Nakano, Yuzo; Fujisawa, Masato 2013-01-01 Background/Aims To evaluate retrospectively the clinical outcome of random bladder biopsies in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer [NMIBC] undergoing transurethral resection [TUR]. Patients and Method This study included 234 consecutive patients with NMIBC who underwent random biopsies from normal-appearing urothelium of the bladder, including the anterior wall, posterior wall, right wall, left wall, dome, trigone and/or prostatic urethra, during TUR. Result Thirty-seven patients [15.8%] were diagnosed by random biopsies as having urothelial cancer. Among several factors available prior to TUR, preoperative urinary cytology appeared to be independently related to the detection of urothelial cancer in random biopsies on multivariate analysis. Urinary cytology prior to TUR gave 50.0% sensitivity, 91.7% specificity, 56.8% positive predictive value and 89.3% negative predictive value for predicting the findings of the random biopsies. Conclusion Biopsies of normal-appearing urothelium resulted in the additional detection of urothelial cancer in a definite proportion of NMIBC patients, and it remains difficult to find a reliable alternative to random biopsies. Collectively, these findings suggest that it would be beneficial to perform random biopsies as part of the routine management of NMIBC. PMID:24917759
18. Effects of partial root-zone irrigation on hydraulic conductivity in the soil–root system of maize plants PubMed Central Hu, Tiantian; Kang, Shaozhong; Li, Fusheng; Zhang, Jianhua 2011-01-01 Effects of partial root-zone irrigation [PRI] on the hydraulic conductivity in the soil–root system [Lsr] in different root zones were investigated using a pot experiment. Maize plants were raised in split-root containers and irrigated on both halves of the container [conventional irrigation, CI], on one side only [fixed PRI, FPRI], or alternately on one of two sides [alternate PRI, APRI]. Results show that crop water consumption was significantly correlated with Lsr in both the whole and irrigated root zones for all three irrigation methods but not with Lsr in the non-irrigated root zone of FPRI. The total Lsr in the irrigated root zone of two PRIs was increased by 49.0–92.0% compared with that in a half root zone of CI, suggesting that PRI has a significant compensatory effect of root water uptake. For CI, the contribution of Lsr in a half root zone to Lsr in the whole root zone was ∼50%. For FPRI, the Lsr in the irrigated root zone was close to that of the whole root zone. As for APRI, the Lsr in the irrigated root zone was greater than that of the non-irrigated root zone. In comparison, the Lsr in the non-irrigated root zone of APRI was much higher than that in the dried zone of FPRI. The Lsr in both the whole and irrigated root zones was linearly correlated with soil moisture in the irrigated root zone for all three irrigation methods. For the two PRI treatments, total water uptake by plants was largely determined by the soil water in the irrigated root zone. Nevertheless, the non-irrigated root zone under APRI also contributed to part of the total crop water uptake, but the continuously non-irrigated root zone under FPRI gradually ceased to contribute to crop water uptake, suggesting that it is the APRI that can make use of all the root system for water uptake, resulting in higher water use efficiency. PMID:21527627
19. Use of donor bladder tissues for in vitro research. PubMed Garthwaite, Mary; Hinley, Jennifer; Cross, William; Warwick, Ruth M; Ambrose, Anita; Hardaker, Henry; Eardley, Ian; Southgate, Jennifer 2014-01-01 To evaluate deceased non-heart beating [DNHB] donors and deceased heart beating [DHB] brain-stem dead donors, as sources of viable urological tissue for use in biomedical research. To identify sources of viable human bladder tissue as an essential resource for cell biological research aimed at understanding human diseases of the bladder and for developing new tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies for bladder reconstruction. Typically, normal human urinary tract tissue is obtained from adult or paediatric surgical patients with benign urological conditions, but few surgical procedures yield useful quantities of healthy bladder tissue for research. Research ethics committee approval was obtained for collection of donor bladder tissue. Consent for DHB donors was undertaken by the Donor Transplant Coordinators. Tissue Donor Coordinators were responsible for consent for DNHB donors and the retrieval of bladders was coordinated through the National Blood Service Tissue Banking Service. All retrievals were performed by practicing urologists and care was taken to maintain sterility and to minimise bacterial contamination. Two bladders were retrieved from DNHB donors and four were retrieved from DHB donors. By histology, DNHB donor bladder tissue exhibited marked urothelial tissue damage and necrosis, with major loss or absence of urothelium. No cell cultures could be established from these specimens, as the urothelial cells were not viable in primary culture. Bladder urothelium from DHB donors was intact, but showed some damage, including loss of superficial cells and variable separation from the basement membrane. All four DHB bladder specimens yielded viable urothelial cells that attached in primary culture, but cell growth was slow to establish and cultures showed a limited capacity to form a functional barrier epithelium and a propensity to senesce early. We have shown that normal human bladder urothelial cell cultures can be established and serially
20. Unusual Root Canal Irrigation Solutions. PubMed Mohammadi, Zahed; Jafarzadeh, Hamid; Shalavi, Sousan; Kinoshita, Jun-Ichiro 2017-05-01 Microorganisms and their by-products play a critical role in pulp and periradicular pathosis. Therefore, one of the main purposes of root canal treatment is disinfection of the entire system of the canal. This aim may be obtained using mechanical preparation, chemical irrigation, and temporary medication of the canal. For this purpose, various irrigation solutions have been advocated. Common root canal irrigants, such as sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, and a mixture of tetracycline, acid, and detergent have been extensively reviewed. The aim of this review was to address the less common newer root canal irrigation solutions, such as citric acid, maleic acid, electrochemically activated water, green tea, ozonated water, and SmearClear.

1. Estimating irrigated areas from satellite and model soil moisture data over the contiguous US NASA Astrophysics Data System [ADS] Zaussinger, Felix; Dorigo, Wouter; Gruber, Alexander 2017-04-01 Information about irrigation is crucial for a number of applications such as drought- and yield management and contributes to a better understanding of the water-cycle, land-atmosphere interactions as well as climate projections. Currently, irrigation is mainly quantified by national agricultural statistics, which do not include spatial information. The digital Global Map of Irrigated Areas [GMIA] has been the first effort to quantify irrigation at the global scale by merging these statistics with remote sensing data. Also, the MODIS-Irrigated Agriculture Dataset [MirAD-US] was created by merging annual peak MODIS-NDVI with US county level irrigation statistics. In this study we aim to map irrigated areas by confronting time series of various satellite soil moisture products with soil moisture from the ERA-Interim/Land reanalysis product. We follow the assumption that irrigation signals are not modelled in the reanalysis product, nor contributing to its forcing data, but affecting the spatially continuous remote sensing observations. Based on this assumption, spatial patterns of irrigation are derived from differences between the temporal slopes of the modelled and remotely sensed time series during the irrigation season. Results show that a combination of ASCAT and ERA-Interim/Land show spatial patterns which are in good agreement with the MIrAD-US, particularly within the Mississippi Delta, Texas and eastern Nebraska. In contrast, AMSRE shows weak agreements, plausibly due to a higher vegetation dependency of the soil moisture signal. There is no significant agreement to the MIrAD-US in California, which is possibly related to higher crop-diversity and lower field sizes. Also, a strong signal in the region of the Great Corn Belt is observed, which is generally not outlined as an irrigated area. It is not yet clear to what extent the signal obtained in the Mississippi Delta is related to re-reflection effects caused by standing water due to flood or furrow
2. Chromium in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. PubMed Golabek, Tomasz; Socha, Katarzyna; Kudelski, Jacek; Darewicz, Barbara; Markiewicz-Zukowska, Renata; Chlosta, Piotr; Borawska, Maria 2017-12-23 Many epidemiological and experimental studies report a strong role of chemical carcinogens in the etiology of bladder cancer. However, the involvement of heavy metals in tumourigenesis of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder has been poorly investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between chromium [Cr] and bladder cancer. Chromium concentration in two 36-sample series of bladder cancer tissue and sera from patients with this neoplasm were matched with those of a control group. The amount of trace elements in every tissue sample was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. This was correlated with tumour stage. While the median chromium concentration levels reached statistically higher values in the bladder cancer tissue, compared with the non-cancer tissue [99.632ng/g and 33.144ng/g, respectively; p40,000 people dying of it each year, it is the sixth leading cause of cancer. However, to date, no systematic cost-of-illness study has assessed the economic impact of bladder cancer in the EU. To estimate the annual economic costs of bladder cancer in the EU for 2012. Country-specific cancer cost data were estimated using aggregate data on morbidity, mortality, and health care resource use, obtained from numerous international and national sources. Health care costs were estimated from expenditures on primary, outpatient, emergency, and inpatient care, as well as medications. Costs of unpaid care and lost earnings due to morbidity and early death were estimated. Bladder cancer cost the EU €4.9 billion in 2012, with health care accounting for €2.9 billion [59%] and representing 5% of total health care cancer costs. Bladder cancer accounted for 3% of all cancer costs in the EU [€143 billion] in 2012 and represented an annual health care cost of €57 per 10 EU citizens, with costs varying >10 times between the country with the lowest cost, Bulgaria [€8 for every 10 citizens], and highest cost, Luxembourg [€93]. Productivity losses and informal care represented 23% and 18% of bladder cancer costs, respectively. The quality and availability of comparable cancer-related data across the EU need further improvement. Our results add to essential public health and policy intelligence for delivering affordable bladder cancer care systems and prioritising the allocation of public research funds. We looked at the economic costs of bladder cancer across the European Union [EU]. We found bladder cancer to cost €4.9 billion in 2012, with health care accounting for €2.9 billion. Our study provides data that can be used to inform affordable cancer care in the EU. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All
3. Bladder cancer, a review of the environmental risk factors PubMed Central 2012-01-01 Background Many epidemiological studies and reviews have been performed to identify the causes of bladder cancer. The aim of this review is to investigate the links between various environmental risk factors and cancer of the bladder. Methods A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Scholar Google and Russian Google databases to identify reviews and epidemiological studies on bladder cancer risk factors associated with the environment published between 1998 and 2010. Only literature discussing human studies was considered. Results Smoking, mainly cigarette smoking, is a well known risk factor for various diseases, including bladder cancer. Another factor strongly associated with bladder cancer is exposure to arsenic in drinking water at concentrations higher than 300 µg/l. The most notable risk factor for development of bladder cancer is occupational exposure to aromatic amines [2-naphthylamine, 4-aminobiphenyl and benzidine] and 4,4'-methylenebis[2-chloroaniline], which can be found in the products of the chemical, dye and rubber industries as well as in hair dyes, paints, fungicides, cigarette smoke, plastics, metals and motor vehicle exhaust. There are also data suggesting an effect from of other types of smoking besides cigarettes [cigar, pipe, Egyptian waterpipe, smokeless tobacco and environmental tobacco smoking], and other sources of arsenic exposure such as air, food, occupational hazards, and tobacco. Other studies show that hairdressers and barbers with occupational exposure to hair dyes experience enhanced risk of bladder cancer. For example, a study related to personal use of hair dyes demonstrates an elevated bladder cancer risk for people who used permanent hair dyes at least once a month, for one year or longer. Conclusion Smoking, in particular from cigarettes, exposure to arsenic in drinking water, and occupational exposure to aromatic amines and 4,4'-methylenebis[2-chloroaniline] are well known risk

Bladder cancer, a review of the environmental risk factors.

PubMed

Letašiová, Silvia; Medve'ová, Alžbeta; Šovčíková, Andrea; Dušinská, Mária; Volkovová, Katarína; Mosoiu, Claudia; Bartonová, Alena