Which is not one of the purposes for defense mechanisms discussed in Chapter 11
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10 Defense Mechanisms: What Are They and How They Help Us CopeBy Dr. Saul McLeod, updated 2020 Sigmund Freud (1894, 1896) noted a number of ego defenses which he refers to throughout his written works. Anna Freud (1936) developed these ideas and elaborated on them, adding ten of her own.
Turning against the self is a very special form of displacement, where the person becomes their own substitute target. It is normally used in reference to hatred, anger, and aggression, rather than more positive impulses, and it is the Freudian explanation for many of our feelings of inferiority, guilt, and depression. The idea that depression is often the result of the anger we refuse to acknowledge is accepted by many people, Freudians and non-Freudians alike. What is an example of displacement?Someone who feels uncomfortable with their sexual desire for a real person may substitute a fetish. Someone who is frustrated by his or her superiours may go home and kick the dog, beat up a family member, or engage in cross-burnings. 5. Regression
Regression functions as form of retreat, enabling a person to psychologically go back in time to a period when the person felt safer. What is an example of regression?When we are troubled or frightened, our behaviors often become more childish or primitive. A child may begin to suck their thumb again or wet the bed when they need to spend some time in the hospital. Teenagers may giggle uncontrollably when introduced into a social situation involving the opposite sex. 6. Sublimation
Sublimation for Freud was the cornerstone of civilized life, as arts and science are all sublimated sexuality. (NB. this is a value-laden concept, based on the aspirations of a European society at the end of the 1800 century). What is an example of sublimation?Many great artists and musicians have had unhappy lives and have used the medium of art of music to express themselves. Sport is another example of putting our emotions (e.g., aggression) into something constructive. For example, fixation at the oral stage of development may later lead to seeking oral pleasure as an adult through sucking one's thumb, pen or cigarette. Also, fixation during the anal stage may cause a person to sublimate their desire to handle faeces with an enjoyment of pottery. 7. Rationalization
But for many people, with sensitive egos, making excuses comes so easy that they never are truly aware of it. In other words, many of us are quite prepared to believe our lies. What is an example of rationalization?When a person finds a situation difficult to accept, they will make up a logical reason why it has happened. For example, a person may explain a natural disaster as 'God's will'. 8. Reaction Formation
Conscious behaviors are adopted to overcompensate for the anxiety a person feels regarding their socially unacceptable unconscious thoughts or emotions. Usually, a reaction formation is marked by exaggerated behavior, such as showiness and compulsiveness. By using the reaction formation, the id is satisfied while keeping the ego in ignorance of the true motives. Therapists often observe reaction formation in patients who claim to strongly believe in something and become angry at everyone who disagrees. What is an example of reaction formation?Freud claimed that men who are prejudice against homosexuals are making a defense against their own homosexual feelings by adopting a harsh anti-homosexual attitude which helps convince them of their heterosexuality. Another example of reaction formation includes the dutiful daughter who loves her mother is reacting to her Oedipus hatred of her mother. 9 Introjection
Introjection is very important to Freudian theory as the mechanism by which we develop our superegos. What is an example of introjection?A child who is left alone frequently, may in some way try to become "mom" in order to lessen his or her fears. You can sometimes catch them telling their dolls or animals not to be afraid. And we find the older child or teenager imitating his or her favorite star, musician, or sports hero in an effort to establish an identity. 10. Identification with the Aggressor
By internalising the behavior of the aggressor the 'victim' hopes to avoid abuse, as the aggressor may begin to feel an emotional connection with the victim which leads to feelings of empathy. What is an example of identification with the aggressor?Identification with the aggressor is a version of introjection that focuses on the adoption, not of general or positive traits, but of negative or feared traits. If you are afraid of someone, you can partially conquer that fear by becoming more like them. An extreme example of this is the Stockholm Syndrome, where hostages establish an emotional bond with their captor(s) and take on their behaviors. Patty Hearst was abused by her captors, yet she joined their Symbionese Liberation Army and even took part in one of their bank robberies. At her trial, she was acquitted because she was a victim suffering from Stockholm Syndrome. How to reference this article:How to reference this article:McLeod, S. A. (2019, April 10). Defense mechanisms. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html APA Style ReferencesFerenczi, S. (1933). Confusion of tongues between adults and the child (pp. 156-67). Freud, A. (1937). The Ego and the mechanisms of defense, London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis. Freud, S. (1894). The neuro-psychoses of defence. SE, 3: 41-61. Freud, S. (1896). Further remarks on the neuro-psychoses of defence. SE, 3: 157-185. Freud, S. (1933). New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis. Pp. xi + 240. Paulhus, D. L., Fridhandler, B., & Hayes, S. (1997). Psychological defense: Contemporary theory and research. In R. Hogan, J. A. Johnson, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 543-579). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-012134645-4/50023-8 Further Information Name the Defense Mechanism Activity BPS Article on Repression Exploring Ferenczi's Concept of Identification with the Aggressor: Its Role in Trauma, Everyday Life, and the Therapeutic Relationship Cramer, P. (2015). Understanding defense mechanisms. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 43(4), 523-552. Freudian Defense Mechanisms and Empirical Findings in Modern Social Psychology: Reaction Formation, Projection, Displacement, Undoing, Isolation, Sublimation, and Denial Defense Mechanisms Summary Table Psychological defense: Contemporary theory and research How to reference this article:How to reference this article:McLeod, S. A. (2019, April 10). Defense mechanisms. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html Home | About Us | Privacy Policy | Advertise | Contact Us Simply Psychology's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. © Simply Scholar Ltd - All rights reserved Which of the following is not the defense mechanism?Hence, it could be concluded that 'Ingratiation' is not a defence mechanism.
Which of the following is not a Defence mechanism used by ego?Changing socially unacceptable behaviour to an acceptable one. Taking on the characteristics of someone viewed as successful. Hence, substantiation is not a defense mechanism exhibited by a child.
What is defense concept?In this context, defense is defined as all those processes which operate toward maintaining a neurotic equilibrium, whether by opposition to an instinctual drive, by counteracting anxiety, or by avoidance of painful emotion.
Which situation reflects the defense mechanism of denial?Denial is sometimes seen more often with certain types of mental health conditions. People who have substance abuse disorder, alcohol use disorder, and narcissistic personality disorder, for example, may use this defense mechanism more often to avoid facing the reality of their condition.
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