List the groups of early french colonists. why did they come to the louisiana colony?
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journal article The Moral Climate of French Colonial Louisiana, 1699-1763Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association Vol. 27, No. 1 (Winter, 1986) , pp. 27-41 (15 pages) Published By: Louisiana Historical Association https://www.jstor.org/stable/4232472 Read and download Log in through your school or library Alternate access options For independent researchers Read Online Read 100 articles/month free Subscribe to JPASS Unlimited reading + 10 downloads Purchase article $8.00 - Download now and later Journal Information Louisiana History is a scholarly publication of the Louisiana Historical Association (LHA). Published quarterly, the journal began in 1960 and is consistently ranked as one of the top state-level historical journals in the country. Issues of the journal contain award-winning secondary articles, notes and documents of primary source material, book reviews, profiles of historical architecture, biographical sketches, and much more. Publisher Information The Louisiana Historical Association (LHA) was founded on April 11, 1889 for the purpose of collecting and disseminating historical information on Louisiana, a goal which remains the primary mission of the association. The LHA has attracted both academics and non-academic members over the years and strives to maintain an even balance between the two groups. In addition to Louisiana History, the LHA also publishes a quarterly newsletter to keep members informed of historical events occurring around the state and to keep members abreast of their fellow members' activities. The LHA hosts an annual state historical conference each Spring, at which members hear presentations of current historical research, share ideas and opinions about the history of the state, and browse the latest titles published on the state's history. Annual awards are given to members and students for their contributions to the study of Louisiana History. The LHA also publishes a number of books related to Louisiana History. Rights & Usage
This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. FRANCOIS-LOUIS HECTOR BARON de CARONDELET et NOYELLES Colonial Governor 1791 – 1797 An adept and pragmatic administrator of local matters, Carondelet did not bring the same talents to larger matters of state. He harbored an entrenched fear of sedition among the local citizenry, revolt among the enslaved, American encroachment, and the spread of French republican ideals. As a result, his policies and administration of law and justice were inconsistent. These vacillations and shortcomings overshadow his accomplishments. Accomplishments
Carondelet, enslaved people, and the colonial planter class Carondelet feared a Haitian-type slave uprising would spread to the Louisiana colony. He thought the revolt in Haiti was an outcome of the harsh and inhumane French policy and laws. In Louisiana, he attempted to implement more humane and rational policies grounded in Spanish law. The reaction of the planter class was immediate. It withdrew its political support from Carondelet and clamped down on the enslaved. There was equivalent reaction and resistance among the enslaved. The situation came to a head with the Pointe Coupee Slave Revolt of 1795. To quell the Revolt, Carondelet reversed his slave policies; aligned his government with the Planters; and promulgated a set of highly regressive and draconian policing actions relative to the enslaved of Louisiana. American encroachment and republican ideals During Carondelet’s tenure, energetic and acquisitive Americans were a constant threat to Spanish colonial rule. The republican ideals of the French Revolutions and interest of the French animated many in New Orleans. To combat the Americans, Carondelet fortified military outposts, increased his militia, and tried to prevent encroachment by using Native American tribes as a buffer on the frontier and the Upper Mississippi Valley. Edmund Genet was the Ambassador of France to the United States. He promoted American support for France’s wars with Spain and England. His activities were a threat to Spanish rule in colonial Louisiana as the Creole merchant class in New Orleans remained largely sympathetic to France. Carondelet responded by banning Genet’s writings lest they inflame the locals who chafed under Spanish rule.  Carondelet's fears of external attacks were well-founded. This map was prepared by Victor Collot, a French spy collecting information for a proposed attack on New Orleans. Upper map shows lines of fire from the various guns in Carondelet's fortifications around New Orleans. Image Credit: Sketch of New Orleans taken from Fort St. Charles / Sketch of Plaquemines Fort. Louisiana State Museum. Accession No. 1976.012.4 a-b. Gift of the Friends of the Cabildo.
Colonial Governor 1797 – 1797 Gayoso de Lemos was Governor of the Natchez region and later, colonial Louisiana. In both offices, he served as a talented diplomat and deft military commander. In Natchez and Louisiana, his attempted to enact law and policy to improve conditions for the citizenry and reinforce the remaining colonial outposts as effective buffers against the aggressive, acquisitive and encroaching Americans. In Louisiana, his first duty was to implement the provisions of the Treaty of San Lorenzo wherein Spain - under Gayoso's direction would, ♦Relinquish control of the Mississippi River ♦Agree to the reorganization of the boundary between the Spanish territory and the United States ♦Evacuate Spanish fortifications in Natchez, Fort Nogales, and Fort San Esteban. To shore up the remaining Spanish defenses and protect the population, Gayoso de Lemos ♦Refortified the remaining defenses around Baton Rouge ♦Repaired Spanish galleys along the Mississippi River ♦Established frontier settlements in the Feliciana parishes and in Concordia Parish ♦Improved municipal safety in New Orleans by increasing the number of night watchmen, organizing a volunteer fire-fighting brigade, promulgating regulations on cart traffic, putting weights and measures under governmental control, and increasing regulation of taverns, inns and billiard parlors. Later, Gayoso de Lemos reinstated the slave trade – suspended in New Orleans following Pointe Coupee Slave Revolt. Gayoso de Lemos succumbed to Yellow Fever in 1799. He is buried at the St. Louis Cathedral, New Orleans. Image Credit: Courtesy of The Historic New Orleans Collection. acc. no. 1981.134. This minature painting of Senora Gayoso de Lemos, wife of Manuel Luis Gayoso de Lemos, Governor of Louisiana from 1797 to 1799 shows Mrs. Gayoso de Lemos is in period dress wearing an off-white dress with a lace shawl. Her hair is styled in the fashion of the day. Mrs. Gayosos de Lemos, The Historic New Orleans Collection. Image Credit: Mrs. Gayosos de Lemos, The Historic New Orleans Collection.Courtesy of The Historic New Orleans Collection. acc. no. 1981. 134. FRANCISCO BOULIGNY, MARQUES de CASA CALVO, MANUEL JUAN de SALCEDO Colonial Governors 1799 – 1801 From 1799 – 1801, colonial Louisiana languished due to Spanish disinterest and neglect. As the Spanish military presence diminished, the region experienced increased encroachment on all perimeters. Colonial governance - always unsteady – suffered through a series of interim executive appointments. Often corrupt, these administrations were debilitated by executive incompetence, disinterest, and internal disputes. Francisco Bouligny, a military man with minimal interest in civil affairs or public service became the interim and acting governor following the sudden death of Gayoso de Lemos. Bouligny did little and departed the colony without leaving behind any policy or laws of note. Memoir of Francisco Bouligny. Image Credit: Rosemonde E. & Emile Kuntz Collection: Spanish Colonial Period, 1769-1803, Manuscripts Collection 600, Louisiana Research Collection, Tulane University Marques de Casa-Calvo – another military man – followed Bouligny as governor.Unlike his other Spanish predecessors, Casa-Calvo enjoyed good relations with the French Creoles in New Orleans.He remained in Louisiana following its transfer to the United States.The new power elite did not embrace him.William C. C. Claiborne, the first American governor of LA, expelled Casa-Calvo.Casa-Calvo returned to Spain but died in exile in Paris in 1820. Order of Spanish to turn over Louisiana to the French. December 12, 1803. With signatures by Sebastian de la Puerta y O'Farril, Marquest de Casa Calvo, and Juan Manuel de Salcedo, New Orleans, to Pierre-Joseph Favrot, Plaquemines. Image Credit: Louisiana Research Collection, Howard -Titlton Memorial Librry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana Manuel Juan de Salcedo became governor of Louisiana in 1799. He assumed office in 1801. He had no interest in public service. He disliked colonial life - especially Louisiana. As Governor, he engaged in numerous internal disputes with his political peers. He purposely boycotted the Cabildo in an effort to undermine its authority and public policies.Salcedo was corrupt and unfit to govern.Following repeated his own petitions to the Spanish Crown to remove him from office, he was allowed to retire with a generous pension. Order of Spanish to turn over Louisiana to the French. December 12, 1803. With signatures by Sebastian de la Puerta y O'Farril, Marquest de Casa Calvo, and Juan Manuel de Salcedo, New Orleans, to Pierre-Joseph Favrot, Plaquemines. Image Credit: Louisiana Research Collection, Howard -Titlton Memorial Librry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
Why did the French come to Louisiana?The French settlement had two purposes: to establish trade with the Spanish in Texas via the Old San Antonio Road (sometimes called El Camino Real, or Kings Highway)—which ended at Nachitoches—and to deter Spanish advances into Louisiana. The settlement soon became a flourishing river port and crossroads.
What were the 3 main ethnic groups of the French Louisiana colony?In French colonial Louisiana, Africans, Native Americans, and Europeans built a complex frontier society where cultures, faiths, and people blended.
Who were the first 3 French explorers in Louisiana?1701: Antoine Laumet de La Mothe founds Detroit. 1702: In January, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville founds Mobile (now in Alabama) as the capital of Louisiana for his brother Iberville. 1713: Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont publishes the first report on explorations of the Missouri River.
What groups of people were sent to colonial Louisiana?Colonial Louisiana. The promise of prosperity brought people to Louisiana, voluntarily or by force. Among the many ethnic groups in colonial Louisiana were people of French, Canadian, Spanish, Latin American, Anglo, German, and African descent.
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