What is the primary reason why slavery continued to grow in the lower South quizlet?

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. [Introduction: Frederick Douglass]
__________ __________- figure in crusade for abolition,
A. Slave childhood- born 1818, son of slave women and white man
-Maryland, Chesapeake Bay "freedom's-swift winged"
-learned to read and write, violation of Maryland law, "understood knowledge... pathway from slavery to freedom"
-1838, borrowed free papers of a black sailor, escaped to North
-became influential African-American of 19th c. and nation's preeminent advocate of racial equality.
B. Leader of ___________ movement, publishing his autobiography that condemned slavery and racism
-active in reform movement, campaign for women's right
-argued "their desire of freedom, the slaves were truer to the nation's underlying principles than the white Americans who annually celebrated the ____ __ _______while allowing the continued existence of slavery"

A. Cotton Is King
1. __________ replaced sugar as the world's major crop produced by slave labor in the nineteenth century.
-slavery survived in Brazil, Spanish, French Caribbean, abolished in the ________ empire 1833, ________ center of New World slavery
>IR centered factories using cotton [raw material] manufacture cloth, most important commodity in international trade

2. Cotton industry
a. Three-fourths of the world's cotton supply came from the ________ United States.
Textiles manufacturers places as far as Mass, Lancashire in Great Britain, Normandy France, suburbs of Moscow depended on supply of US cotton
b. Cotton supplied textile mills in the North and in Great Britain.
c. As early as 1803, cotton represented America's most important export.
-cotton sale earned money from abroad allowed the US to pay for imported manufactured good. Eve before Civil War cotton was _____ American exports
1860, economic investment represented by slave population exceeded value of a nation's factories, railroads, and banks combined

D. The Southern Economy
-no single south before Civil War. Eight slave states of Upper South, slaves and owners made up smaller percentage of total population than 7 Deep South states [stretched SC to west of Texas]
-Upper South had majority centers of industry in Baltimore, Richmond, St. Louis, its economies were more _____________ those in Deep South, which dependent on cotton.
1. Southern economic growth was different from northern.
a. There were ______ large cities in the South.
b. The cities were mainly centers for gathering and shipping ___________.
-secession crisis of 1860-61, ________ south states first to leave Union
-south, limited growth of industry, discouraged immigrants from entering, and inhabiting technological progress.
2. _____ _________was the only city of significant size in the South.[no urban growth like North]
-Orleans, 6th largest, 168,000 people in 1860, gathering point for cotton grown long Miss River and sugar plantations of southeastern Louisiana, world's leading exporter of ________
3. The region [south] produced less than ____% of the nation's manufactured goods.
Northerners viewed slavery as obstacle to American economic progress. New Orleans showed slavery and economics hand and hand
-southern economy hardly stagnant, slavery profitable for most owners , profit of every obstacle for abolishment.
-Senator James Henry Hammond of South Carolina "declared power on earth dares to make war upon it. Cotton is king."

E. Plain Folk of the Old South
-South economy, __________, powerfully shaped race relations, politics, religion, and law
1. Three-fourths of white southerners did not own slaves.
>most southern farmers lived outside plantation belt in hilly areas __________ for cotton production
-raised livestock, grew food for own use, purchased from local stores
-Unlike northern farmers, they didn't provide market for ____________ _________, one reason that South did not develop industrial base
2. Most white southerners lived on self-sufficient _______.
>poor whites resent power and privileges of great planters
3. Most whites supported slavery.
a. A few, like Andrew Johnson and Joseph Brown, spoke out against the "___________."
>but poor white made peace with planters who had hands in economic and social power was concentrated. Racism, kinship, common participation in demo political culture, regional loyalty created bonds between planters and Southern plain folk.
b. Most white southerners supported the planter elite and slavery because of shared bonds of regional loyalty, racism, and kinship ties.
-small farmers believed their economic and personal freedom rested on ________, not till Civil War class tensions along white threaten planter's domination

F. The Planter Class
-__________, not typically, but his values and aspirations dominated southern life
1. In 1850, the majority of slave holding families owned ______ or fewer slaves.
-fewer than 40,000 families possessed 20 or more slaves that qualified them as planters
2. Fewer than 2,000 families owned 100 slaves or more.
Frederick Douglass wrote "a little nation by itself, with its own language, its own rules, regulations, and customs."- these rules and customs set tone for southern society
3. ______________ of slaves provided the route to wealth, status, and influence.
__________: majority of slaves, most fertile land, highest income, dominated state and local offices, leadership of both political parties
4. Slavery was a profit-making system.
-owners kept close watch on world prices for products, invested in ___________ [railroads, canals,] and supervised their plantations
a. Men watched the world market for cotton, invested in infrastructure, and managed their plantations.
Plantation _____________- idealized southern lore for femininity, beauty, dependence on men- hardly idle
b. Plantation mistresses cared for sick slaves, oversaw the domestic servants, and supervised the plantation when the master was away.
-before Civil war wealthiest people in US were planters in SC and around Natchez, Mississippi
5. Southern slave owners spent much of their money on material goods.
-cotton frontier, planters lived in crude log homes, but older slave states in south lived in elegant mansions. Planters discouraged their sons from entering "low" trades [commerce and manufacturing], reason why South remained agricultural

H. The Proslavery Argument
-before civil war, northern criticism of "peculiar institution" began, __________ thought dominated southern public life
1. By the 1830s, fewer southerners believed that slavery was a necessary evil.
-even those without stake in slavery shared deep commitment to white supremacy
>"racism" belief blacks were innately _________ to whites and unsuited for life conditions other than slavery- formed pillar of proslavery ideology
2. The proslavery argument rested on a number of pillars, including a commitment to white supremacy, __________ sanction of slavery [servants should obey their masters], and the historical precedent that slavery was essential to human progress.
-without slavery they believed planters would be unable to cultivate the art, science, and other civilized pursuit
3. Another proslavery argument held that slavery guaranteed _________ for whites. [by preventing growth of class doomed to life of unskilled labor]
Like Northerners claimed to be committed to ideal of freedom, slavery was surest guarantee of perfect equality among whites, liberating them from _____, ________ _____ such as: factory labor, domestic service performed by low waged laborers in North

J. Slavery and Liberty
1. White southerners declared themselves the true heirs of the American Revolution.
-they claimed to inspired by same spirit of freedom and independence that motivated founding generation
-1830 Proslavery writers began question ideals of liberty, equality, democracy widely shared in nation
-SC, majority white families owned slaves, home of aggressive defense of slavery that repudiated idea that freedom and equality universal entitlements.
2. Proslavery arguments begin to repudiate the ideas in the Declaration of Independence that equality and freedom were universal entitlements.
>language of Dec of Indep "that all men were created equal and entited to liberty" --->
a. John C. Calhoun believed that the language in the Declaration of Independence was dangerous.
3. George Fitzhugh, a Virginia writer, argued that "universal liberty" was the exception, not the rule.
>he repudiating Jefferson ideals and notion of American's special mission in world. Wrote "universal liberty" was exception, an experiment carried on "for a little while" in a corner of europe and US. Taking world and history as a whole, slavery, was general normal nature basis of civilized society
4. By 1830, southerners defended slavery in terms of liberty and freedom; without slavery, freedom was not possible.
1830 southern writers, newspaper editors, politicians, clergymen devoted selves to spreading defense of slavery, white southerners believed freedom for whites rested on power of command and labor of blacks,
-Richmond Enquirer "freedom is not possible without slavery"

property, kill, court, sold, leased, white, firearm, Leave, Learn, Gather, interference, master, Trial of Celia

III. Life under Slavery
A. Slaves and the Law
-slaves: toil, brutal punishment, fear of families be destroyed for sale
1. Slaves were considered __________ and had few legal rights.
[illegal to ______ a slave, expect in self-defense, slaves accused of serious crime entitled to their day in _______ before white judge and jury]
-slaves can be _____, _______ by owner, lacked voice in government
2. Slaves were not allowed to:
a. Testify against a ______ person *sign contracts, acquire property]
b. Carry a ________
c. _______ the plantation without permission
d. ________ how to read or write [1830]
e. __________ in a group without a white person present
3. Although, some of these laws were not always vigorously enforced.
-some members of slave holding families taught slave children to read, slaves commonly gathered without white supervision at crossroad villages/ country stores on Sundays
>Louisiana law "owes to his master respect without bounds and absolute obedience"
no slave from choices of marriage to spent their free time, immune for his ______________
-entire system of southern justice [militia and courts] enforced ________'s control over slaves
4. Masters also controlled whether slaves married and how they spent their free time.
5. 1855 ________ __ _________: Celia killed her master while resisting a sexual assault.
>state law deemed "any women" in circumstances to act in self-defense, nut Celia the court rules is not a "woman" in eyes of law, master has power over slaves
a. Celia was charged with murder and sentenced to die, but she was pregnant and her execution was delayed until she gave birth, so as not to deny the current master his property right.

B. Conditions of Slave Life
1. _________ slaves as compared to their counterparts in the West Indies and in Brazil enjoyed better diets, lower infant mortality, and longer life expectancy.
-factors contribute to improving material conditions: outside area for malaria, yellow fever, typhoid fever flourish, owners more concerned with health and living conditions of slaves
a. Reasons for the above include the paternalistic ethos of the South, the lack of malaria and yellow fever in the South, and the high costs of slaves.
-US slaves _______ freedom, Brazil not uncommon for owner to free slaves as form of celebrating or allow them to purchase their freedom, south more state limits on voluntary manumission, required acts be approved by legislature.

C. Free Blacks in the Old South
-slavery helped define _________ of blacks who enjoyed freedom
1. By 1860, there were nearly half a million free blacks in the United States and most of them lived in the South.
-most descendants of slaves freed by south owners in the aftermath of Rev. or by gradual emancipation laws of northern states. Their numbers were supplemented by slaves voluntarily liberated by their masters, they allowed to _________ their freedom or succeeded in __________ away
>free blacks in south legally own property, marry, could not be bought or sold
2. Free blacks were not all that free.
-free ___ ________ in selecting public officials
a. Free blacks were allowed by law to own property and marry and could not be bought or sold.
b. Free blacks could not testify in court or serve on a jury. Carry certificate of freedom
-poor free blacks who required public assistance could be bound to labor along slaves
>1850 most southern states ___________ free blacks from entering territory, few states moved to expel them, offering choice of enslavement or departure
>New Orleans and Charleston, prosperous free black _________ developed, composed of mixed-race descendants of union between white men and slave women
many free blacks in ______ acquired education, worked as skilled craftsmen [tailors, carpenters, mechanics], established churches for communities and schools for children
3. The majority of free blacks who lived in the Lower South resided in cities like New Orleans and Charleston, whereas those living in the Upper South generally lived in rural areas, working for wages as farm laborers.
Willis A. Hodges, helped runaways slaves reach north, free blacks and slaves were "one man of sorrow"

D. Slave Labor
>slavery... a system of ________ "from sunup to first dark", interruptions for meals, work most of slaves time
-large plantations diversified communities, slaves performed all kinds of _____
125 slaves on 1 plantations included cultures, two waitresses, nurse, dairymaid, gardener, ten carpenters, etc
>other plantation counted among slaves engineers, blacksmith, weaver, domestic workers, cooks, couchmen
1. Labor occupied most of a slave's ______ existence.
2. There were many types of jobs a slave might perform.
75% of women and 90% men worked in ______. Precise organization of their labors varied to crop and size of holding.
3. Many slaves working in the fields also labored in large gangs.
>small farms: owners toiled side by side with his slaves
>large concentration of slaves" lived and worked on plantation in Cotton Belt, where men, women, and children labored in gangs under ________ and maybe a slave "driver" to assist him, overseers reputation for meting out brutal treatment
4. On large plantations, they worked in gangs under the direction of the overseer, a man who was generally considered cruel by the slaves.
150,000 slaves worked sugar fields of southern Louisiana [large gangs] conditions harsher than south, late fall required around clock labor to cut and process sugar cane before spoiled
-Rice plantations of SC and georgia, system of task labor, slaves given daily tasks and allowed to set own pace of work [white did want to get malaria], after completing task spent day hunting, fishing, garden crops

A. The Slave Family
-center of slave community, family
>sugar plantations in West Indies, males exceeded females, workers lived in barrack type buildings, settled families nearly impossible
>US slave population grew ________ increase, even male and female ration, creation of family more possible
1. Despite the threat of sale and the fact that marriage between slaves was illegal, many slaves did marry and create families.
-______ consent before men and women could "jump over the broomstick" [marriage ceremony] and constant danger of being broken up by sale
>those not disrupted by sales, lasted ________
a. Slaves frequently named children after other family members to retain family continuity. [aunts, uncles, grandparents, etc]
b. The slave community had a significantly higher number of _______ headed households as compared to the white community.
-most slaves lived in 2 parent families, which in case of _______, there is more families which grandparents, relatives, non-kin assumed responsibility of raising child

D. Slave Religion
1. Black Christianity was distinctive and offered solace to the slaves against hardships
>some blacks took part in ________ ________, swept into South's Baptist and Methodist in late 18th and 19th c.
>One black preacher recalled a _____ ______ _______, drew thousands of worshipers to Cane Ridge Kentucky 1801, no distinctions were made "as to age, sex, color, or anything temporary nature; old and young, male and female, black and white, had equal privileges to minister the light which they received, in whatever way the Spirit directed
>though law prohibited blacks gathering without white person, ---->
a. Almost every plantation had its own ______ preacher. "self-called" slave who had little to no education, but abilities and familiarity with Bible made him most __________ member of slave community
>southern cities worshiped in _____________ congregations
b. Slaves worshiped in biracial churches with white ministers, required to sit in back pews or balcony
-urban free blacks
c. Free blacks established their own churches. sometimes attended by slaves
2. Masters viewed Christianity as another means of _________ _________ and required slaves to attend services conducted by white ministers. [preached theft was immoral and Bible requires servants to obey their masters]
>in their own religious gatherings, slaves transformed Christianity they embraced, turning it to own purposes.
3. Many biblical stories offered ________ and ________ to slaves.
>story: Exodus, God chose Moses to lead enslaved Jews of Egypt into promised land of freedom, played central role in black Christianity. Salve identified themselves as chosen people whom God who deliver from bondage.
>figure of Jesus Christ representative to slaves a personal redeemer, who truly cared for ________. In slave eyes, Christian message of brotherhood and equality of all souls before the Creator offered irrefutable indictment of the institution of slavery

A. Forms of Resistance
>widespread expression of hostility to slavery "day-today resistance" or "silent __________"- doing ______ work: --->
1. The most common form of resistance was silent sabotage-the breaking of _______, feigning illness, doing poor work, abusing animals, disrupting plantation routine
theft of ______, common form of resistance, that one southern physician disguised as heredity disease unique to blacks
2. Less common but more serious forms of resistance included poisoning the master, arson, and armed assaults.
3. The slaves who ran away were more threatening to the stability of the slave system.
-formidable obstacle confronted the prospective fugitive, patrol lookout for runaway slaves
>slaves had little understanding of geography, just followed the ______ ______
>No one knows how many slaves succeeded in reaching North or Canada
4. Of the estimated 1,000 slaves a year to escape, most escaped from the Upper South. like Frederick Douglass [Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, border free states
Frederick Douglass escaped age 20, typical of fugitive young men
>slave women not willing to leave children behind, took them along, making escape journey nearly _________,
a. In the Deep South, fugitive slaves often escaped to the southern cities, to blend in with the free black population. [Like New Orleans, Charleston]
others areas like Great Dismal Swamp of Virginia or Florida Everglades, where Seminole Indians offered refuge before they were forced to move west
>Tennessee's, newspaper advertisements runaways finds 40% thought to remain in local neighborhoods, 30% headed to locations in South, only 25% tried to reach North
5. The ____________ _________ was a loose organization of abolitionists who helped slaves to escape. hid them in their homes and sent them to "next" station
-few courageous individuals foray into South to liberate slaves: best known
a. ___________ ______________ [born Maryland 1820, escaped Philadelphia 1849] was an escaped slave who made twenty trips to Maryland, leading slaves to freedom.

B. The Amistad
-few instances, larger groups of slaves collectively seized their freedom
1. In 1839, a group of slaves [53 people] collectively seized their freedom while on ________ the Amistad, transport ship from Cuba to another port, tried to force navigator to steer it to Africa
-Amistad wended its way up Atlantic coast until American vessel seized it off coast of Long Island
>President Martin Van Buren favored returning slaves to Cuba, but abolitionist brought their case to Supreme Court where John Quincy Adams argued that since they were brought from Africa, violated international treaties ________ slave trade, captives should be freed, Court accepted Adam's reasoning and most captives made way back to Africa
2. The U.S. Supreme Court accepted John Quincy Adams's argument that the slaves had been illegally seized in Africa and should be freed.
Amistad case had no legal bearing on slaves in US, but inspired uprising in 1841, when 135 slaves transported by sea from Norfolk, Virginia to New Orleans seized control of ________ and sailed for Nassau British Bahamas, leader Madison Washington, to dismay of Tyler administration British gave refuge to Creole slaves

C. Slave Revolts
>slave rebellions, 4 large conspicuous happened in American history within a space of 31 years in early 19 c.
>Virginia slave Gabriel in 1800
1. The year 1811 witnessed an uprising on sugar plantations in Louisiana, which saw slaves _________ toward New Orleans before the militia captured them.
>200 to 500 men and women armed with sugar cane knives, axes, clubs, some guns marched towards city, destroying property, white population fled to New Orleans. 2 days later militia and troops dispersed them, killing 66.
2. In 1822, Denmark Vesey was charged with conspiracy in South Carolina.
-slave carpenter, ___________ ___________ purchased his freedom after winning the lottery. His conspiracy reflected combination of american and African influence, "studied the bible and tried to prove from it that slavery and bondage was against the Bible" "quoted Dec of Indep and newspaper reports from Congress"
-all men had equal rights, blacks as well as whites "read of successful slave revolts in Haiti"
a. Vesey was a religious man who believed the ______ _______________ ________and who saw the __________ of the Declaration of Independence.
Lieutenant Gullah Jack, religious conjurer from Angola, claimed to protect to the rebels against injury and death, the ---->
b. The conspiracy was uncovered before Vesey could act.
>Vesey plot is contradictory and dispute, much come from a series of trials in which court operated in secret and failed to allow accused to confront those who testified against them

D. Nat Turner's Rebellion
_______, best known slave rebels, slave preacher and religious mystic in Southampton County, Virginia, believe that God chosen him to lead black __________
>traveled and conducted religious services, told seeing black and white angels fighting in the sky and heaven running red with blood
>July 4, 1831, for his rebellion, but fell ill, August 22, him and his followers matched farm to farm and assaulted white people
1. In 1831, Nat Turner and his followers marched through Virginia, attacking white farm families.
a. Eighty slaves had joined Turner and sixty whites had been killed [mostly women and children] before the militia put down the rebellion.
b. Turner was captured and executed.
>him and his 70 rebels condemned to die, last words "Was not Christ Crucified?"
>Turner's rebellion shocked entire South "A Nat Turner might be in any family", in panic of revolt hundreds of innocent slaves whipped and executed
2. Turner's was the ________ large-scale rebellion in the South.
3. The Virginia legislature debated plans for gradual ______________ of the state's slaves, but voted not to take that step.
>proposal to commit state to gradual emancipation and removal of black population from state failed to win leg approval, overwhelming supported in western Virginia where slaves represented less than 10% of population, failed win votes in eastern counties [slavery was centered]
>instead Virginia leg 1832 decided to fasten tightly the chains of bondage
a. Instead, Virginia tightened its grip on _________ through new laws further limiting slaves' rights.
>prohibited free or slaves from acting as ___________ [impossible to enforce], strengthen militia, patrol systems, banning free blacks from owning firearms, prohibited teaching slaves to read, etc
4. 1831 marked a turning point for the Old South as white southerners closed ranks and defended slavery more strongly than ever.
-1831, Parliament launched program for abolishing slavery throughout British empire [completed 1838] underscored South's growing isolation form western world.
>Turner's rebellion, followed few months after appearance of Boston of William Lloyd Garrison's abolitionist journal "the liberator", suggested American slavery faced enemies both within and outside South.
>pro slavery permeated southern intellectual and political life, some states made abolitionists society a ___________ offense
>Southern "great reaction" produced one of mose through outgoing impressions of freedom of speech in American History. Reforms movements aroused in North and condemned slavery as contrary to Christianity and to basic American values and national debate over peculiar institution intensified, southern society closed dense of slavery

What was the major reason for slavery growing in the South?

Why did the South depend on slavery quizlet?

What reasons did Southerners give for continuing the practice of slavery quizlet?

Why did slavery nonetheless continue to flourish in the South?