File system is collection of data. In this system, user has to write procedures for managing database. It provides details of data representation and storage of data. In this –
- Data is stored in files.
- Each file has specific format.
- Programs that use these files depend on knowledge about that format.
- In earlier days, database applications were built on top of file systems.
This approach is mostly obsolete but –
- Understanding problems inherent in file based systems may prevent us from repeating these problems in our database system.
- Understanding how file system works is extremely useful when converting a file-based system to a database system.
Basically, it is a collection of application programs that performs services for end users such as production of reports. Each file defines and manages its own data.
It doesn’t have a crash mechanism i.e., if system crashes while entering some data, then content of file will be lost. This is disadvantage of traditional file based system. Also, it is very difficult to protect a file under the file system. This system can’t efficiently store and retrieve data.
CH 6 1] Which of the following best illustrates the relationship between entities and attributes? 1 A] The entity CUSTOM
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CH 6 1] Which of the following best illustrates the relationship between entities and attributes? 1 A] The entity CUSTOMER with the attribute PRODUCT 2 B] The entity CUSTOMER with the attribute PURCHASE 3 C] The entity PRODUCT with the attribute PURCHASE 4 D] The entity PRODUCT with the attribute CUSTOMER 5 E] The entity PURCHASE with the attribute CUSTOMER Answer: B 2] All of the following are issues with the traditional file environment except: 1. A] data inconsistency. 2. B] inability to develop specialized applications for functional areas. 3. C] lack of flexibility in creating ad-hoc reports. 4. D] poor security. 5. E] data sharing. Answer: B 3] A characteristic or quality that describes a particular database entity is called a[n]: 1. A] field 2. B] tuple 3. C] key field 4. D] attribute 5. E] relationship Answer: D 4] A ________ is an example of pre-digital data storage that is comparable to a database. 1. A] library card catalog 2. B] cash register receipt 3. C] doctor's office invoice 4. D] list of sales totals on a spreadsheet 5. E] schedule of due dates on a project outline Answer: A 5] ________ creates confusion that hampers the creation of information systems that integrate data from different sources. 1. A] Batch processing 2. B] Data redundancy 3. C] Data independence 4. D] Online processing 5. E] Data quality Answer: B 6] Data ________ occurs when the same data is duplicated in multiple files of a database. 1. A] redundancy 2. B] repetition 3. C] independence 4. D] partitions 5. E] discrepancy Answer: A 7] Which of the following occurs when the same attribute in related data files has different values? 1. A] Data redundancy 2. B] Data duplication 3. C] Data dependence 4. D] Data discrepancy 5. E] Data inconsistency Answer: E
8] Which of the following is a grouping of characters into a word, a group of words, or a complete number? 1. A] File 2. B] Table 3. C] Entity 4. D] Field 5. E] Tuple Answer: D 9] A record is a characteristic or quality used to describe a particular entity. Answer: FALSE 10] Program-data dependence refers to the coupling of data stored in files and the specific programs required to update and maintain those files such that changes in programs require changes to the data. Answer: TRUE 11] The fact that a traditional file system cannot respond to unanticipated information requirements in a timely fashion is an example of which of the following issues with traditional file systems 1. A] Program-data dependence 2. B] Lack of flexibility 3. C] Poor security 4. D] Lack of data sharing 5. E] Data redundancy Answer: B 14] Which of the following enables a DBMS to reduce data redundancy and inconsistency? 1. A] Ability to enforce referential integrity 2. B] Ability to couple program and data 3. C] Use of a data dictionary 4. D] Ability to create two-dimensional tables 5. E] Ability to minimize isolated files with repeated data Answer: E 15] A DBMS makes the: 1. A] physical database available for different logical views. 2. B] relational database available for different logical views. 3. C] physical database available for different analytic views. 4. D] relational database available for different analytic views. 5. E] logical database available for different analytic views. Answer: A 16] The logical view of a database: 1. A] displays the organization and structure of data on the physical storage media. 2. B] includes a digital dashboard. 3. C] allows the creation of supplementary reports. 4. D] enables users to manipulate the logical structure of the database. 5. E] presents data as they would be perceived by end users. Answer: E 17] Which of the following is a DBMS for desktop computers? 1. A] DB2 2. B] Oracle Database 3. C] Microsoft SQL Server 4. D] Microsoft Access 5. E] Microsoft Exchange Answer: D
18] A[n] ________ organizes data in two-dimensional tables. 1. A] non-relational DBMS 2. B] mobile DBMS 3. C] relational DBMS 4. D] hierarchical DBMS 5. E] object-oriented DBMS Answer: C 19] Microsoft SQL Server is a[n]: 1. A] DBMS for both desktops and mobile devices. 2. B] Internet DBMS. 3. C] desktop relational DBMS. 4. D] DBMS for midrange computers. 5. E] DBMS for mobile devices. Answer: D 20] In a table for customers, the information about a single customer resides in a single: 1. A] field. 2. B] row. 3. C] column. 4. D] table. 5. E] entity. Answer: B 21] In a relational database, a record is referred to in technical terms as a[n]: 1. A] tuple. 2. B] table. 3. C] entity. 4. D] field. 5. E] key. Answer: A 22] A field identified in a table as holding the unique identifier of the table's records is called the: 1. A] primary key. 2. B] key field. 3. C] primary field. 4. D] unique ID. 5. E] primary entity. Answer: A 23] A field identified in a record as holding the unique identifier for that record is called the: 1. A] primary key. 2. B] key field. 3. C] primary field. 4. D] unique ID. 5. E] key attribute. Answer: B 24] In a relational database, the three basic operations used to develop useful sets of data are: 1. A] select, project, and where. 2. B] select, join, and where. 3. C] select, project, and join. 4. D] where, from, and join. 5. E] where, find, and select. Answer: C
25] The select operation: 1. A] combines relational tables to provide the user with more information than is otherwise available. 2. B] creates a subset consisting of columns in a table. 3. C] identifies the table from which the columns will be selected. 4. D] creates a subset consisting of all records in the file that meet stated criteria. 5. E] creates a subset consisting of rows in a table. Answer: D 26] The join operation: 1. A] combines relational tables to provide the user with more information than is otherwise available. 2. B] identifies the table from which the columns will be selected. 3. C] creates a subset consisting of columns in a table. 4. D] organizes elements into segments. 5. E] creates a subset consisting of rows in a table. Answer: A 27] The project operation: 1. A] combines relational tables to provide the user with more information than is otherwise available. 2. B] creates a subset consisting of columns in a table. 3. C] organizes elements into segments. 4. D] identifies the table from which the columns will be selected. 5. E] creates a subset consisting of rows in a table. Answer: B 28] Microsoft Access’s data dictionary displays all of the following information about a filed except the: 1. A] size of the field 2. B] format of the field. 3. C] description of the field. 4. D] type of the field. 5. E] the organization within the organization that is responsible for maintain the data. Answer: E 29] Which of the following is an automated or manual file that stores information about data elements and data characteristics such as usage, physical representation, ownership, authorization, and security? 1. A] Data dictionary 2. B] Data definition diagram 3. C] Entity-relationship diagram 4. D] Relationship dictionary 5. E] Data table. Answer: A 30] Which of the following is a specialized language that programmers use to add and change data in the database? 1. A] Data access language. 2. B] Data manipulation language. 3. C] Structured query language. 4. D] Data definition language. 5. E] DBMS. Answer: B 31] Which of the following is the most prominent data manipulation language today? 1. A] Access 2. B] DB2 3. C] SQL 4. D] Crystal Reports 5. E] NoSQL Answer: C
32] DBMSs typically include report-generating tools in order to: 1. A] retrieve and display data. 2. B] display data in an easier-to-read format. 3. C] display data in graphs. 4. D] perform predictive analysis. 5. E] analyze the database's performance. Answer: B 33] The process of streamlining data to minimize redundancy and awkward many-to-many relationships is called: 1. A] normalization. 2. B] data scrubbing. 3. C] data cleansing. 4. D] data defining. 5. E] optimization. Answer: A 34] A schematic of the entire database that describes the relationships in a database is called a[n]: 1. A] data dictionary. 2. B] intersection relationship diagram. 3. C] entity-relationship diagram. 4. D] data definition diagram. 5. E] data analysis table. Answer: C 35] A one-to-many relationship between two entities is symbolized in a diagram by a line that ends with: 1. A] one short mark. 2. B] two short marks. 3. C] three short marks. 4. D] a crow's foot. 5. E] a crow's foot topped by a short mark. Answer: E 36] You are creating a database to store temperature and wind data from various airports. Which of the following fields is the most likely candidate to use as the basis for a primary key in the Airport table? 1. A] Address 2. B] City 3. C] Airport code 4. D] State 5. E] Day Answer: C 37] The logical and physical views of data are separated in a DBMS. Answer: TRUE 38] Every record in a file should contain at least one key field. Answer: TRUE 39] NoSQL technologies are used to manage sets of data that don't require the flexibility of tables and relations. Answer: TRUE 40] CGI is a DBMS programming language that end users and programmers use to manipulate data in the database. Answer: FALSE
41] Complicated groupings of data in a relational database need to be adjusted to eliminate awkward many-tomany relationships. Answer: TRUE 42] A physical view shows data as it is actually organized and structured on the data storage media. Answer: TRUE 43] DBMS have a data definition capability to specify the structure of the content of the database. Answer: TRUE 44] Relational DBMSs use key field rules to ensure that relationships between coupled tables remain consistent. Answer: FALSE 48] The term big data refers to all of the following except: 1. A] datasets with fewer than a billion records. 2. B] datasets with unstructured data. 3. C] machine-generated data [i.e. from sensors]. 4. D] data created by social media [i.e. tweets, Facebook Likes]. 5. E] data from Web traffic. Answer: A 49] Which of the following technologies would you use to analyze the social media data collected by a major online retailer? 1. A] OLAP 2. B] Data warehouse 3. C] Data mart 4. D] Hadoop 5. E] DBMS Answer: D 50] Which of the following is not one of the techniques used in web mining? 1. A] Content mining 2. B] Structure mining 3. C] Server mining 4. D] Usage mining 5. E] Data mining Answer: C 51] You work for a retail clothing chain whose primary outlets are in shopping malls and are conducting an analysis of your customers and their preferences. You wish to find out if there are any particular activities that your customers engage in, or the types of purchases made in the month before or after purchasing select items from your store. To do this, you will the data mining software you are using to do which of the following? 1. A] Identify associations 2. B] Identify clusters 3. C] Identify sequences 4. D] Classify data 5. E] Create a forecast Answer: C
52] You work for a car rental agency and want to determine what characteristics are shared among your most loyal customers. To do this, you will the data mining software you are using to do which of the following? 1. A] Identify associations 2. B] Identify clusters 3. C] Identify sequences 4. D] Classify data 5. E] Create a forecast Answer: D 53] A data warehouse is composed of: 1. A] historical data from legacy systems. 2. B] current data. 3. C] internal and external data sources. 4. D] historic and current internal data. 5. E] historic external data. Answer: D 54] All of the following are technologies used to analyze and manage big data except: 1. A] cloud computing. 2. B] noSQL. 3. C] in-memory computing. 4. D] analytic platforms. 5. E] Hadoop. Answer: A 55] A household appliances manufacturer has hired you to help analyze its social media datasets to determine which of its refrigerators are seen as the most reliable. Which of the following tools would you use to analyze this data? 1. A] Text mining tools 2. B] Sentiment analysis software 3. C] Web mining technologies 4. D] Data mining software 5. E] Data governance software Answer: B 56] Which of the following tools enables users to view the same data in different ways using multiple dimensions? 1. A] Predictive analysis 2. B] SQL 3. C] OLAP 4. D] Data mining 5. E] Hadoop Answer: C 57] OLAP enables: 1. A] users to obtain online answers to ad-hoc questions in a rapid amount of time. 2. B] users to view both logical and physical views of data. 3. C] programmers to quickly diagram data relationships. 4. D] programmers to normalize data. 5. E] users to quickly generate summary reports. Answer: A
58] Data mining allows users to: 1. A] quickly compare transaction data gathered over many years. 2. B] find hidden relationships in data. 3. C] obtain online answers to ad-hoc questions in a rapid amount of time. 4. D] summarize massive amounts of data into much smaller, traditional reports. 5. E] access the vast amounts of data in a data warehouse. Answer: B 59] In the context of data relationships, the term associations refers to: 1. A] events linked over time. 2. B] patterns that describe a group to which an item belongs. 3. C] occurrences linked to a single event. 4. D] undiscovered groupings. 5. E] relationships between different customers. Answer: C 60] ________ tools are used to analyze large unstructured data sets, such as e-mail, memos, and survey responses to discover patterns and relationships. 1. A] OLAP 2. B] Text mining 3. C] In-memory 4. D] Clustering 5. E] Classification Answer: B 61] Which of the following enables you to create a script that allows a web server to communicate with a backend database? 1. A] CGI 2. B] HTML 3. C] Java 4. D] SQL 5. E] NoSQL Answer: A 62] HTML has become the preferred method of communicating with back-end databases because it is a crossplatform language. Answer: FALSE 63] Legacy systems are used to populate and update data warehouses. Answer: TRUE 64] Multiple data marts are combined and streamlined to create a data warehouse. Answer: FALSE 65] You can use OLAP to perform multidimensional data analysis. Answer: TRUE 66] OLAP is unable to manage and handle queries with very large sets of data. Answer: FALSE 67] In-memory computing relies primarily on a computer [RAM] for data storage. Answer: TRUE 68] Middleware is an application that transfers information from an organization's internal database to a web server for delivery to a user as part of a web page. Answer: TRUE
69] Implementing a web interface for an organization's internal database usually requires substantial changes to be made to the database. Answer: FALSE 70] You can manipulate data on a web server by using a CGI script. Answer: TRUE 71] You can use text mining tools to analyze unstructured data, such as memos and legal cases. Answer: TRUE 72] In a client/server environment, a DBMS is located on a dedicated computer called a web server. Answer: FALSE 73] Associations are occurrences linked to multiple events. Answer: FALSE 74] High-speed analytic platforms use both relational and non-relational tools to analyze large datasets. Answer: TRUE 75] Which of the following is software that handles all application operations between browser-based computers and a company's back-end business applications or databases? 1. A] Database server software 2. B] Application server software 3. C] Web browser software 4. D] Data mining software 5. E] Web server software Answer: B 76] In data mining, which of the following involves using a series of existing values to determine what other future values will be? 1. A] Associations 2. B] Sequences 3. C] Classifications 4. D] Clustering 5. E] Forecasting Answer: E 82] An organization's rules for sharing, disseminating, acquiring, standardizing, classifying, and inventorying information is called a[n]: 1. A] information policy. 2. B] data definition file. 3. C] data quality audit. 4. D] data governance policy. 5. E] data policy. Answer: A 83] In a large organization, which of the following functions would be responsible for physical database design and maintenance? 1. A] Data administration 2. B] Database administration. 3. C] Information policy administration 4. D] Data auditing 5. E] Database management Answer: B
84] Which common database challenge is illustrated by a person receiving multiple copies of an L.L. Bean catalog, each addressed to a slightly different variation of his or her full name? 1. A] Data normalization 2. B] Data accuracy 3. C] Data redundancy 4. D] Data inconsistency 5. E] Data duplication Answer: D 85] Detecting and correcting data in a database or file that are incorrect, incomplete, improperly formatted, or redundant is called: 1. A] data auditing. 2. B] defragmentation. 3. C] data scrubbing. 4. D] data optimization. 5. E] data normalization. Answer: C 86] Data cleansing not only corrects errors but also: 1. A] establishes logical relationships between data. 2. B] structures data. 3. C] normalizes data. 4. D] removes duplicate data. 5. E] enforces consistency among different sets of data. Answer: E 87] Which of the following is not a method for performing a data quality audit? 1. A] Surveying entire data files 2. B] Surveying samples from data files 3. C] Surveying data definition and query files 4. D] Surveying end users about their perceptions of data quality 5. E] Surveying managers about their perceptions of data quality Answer: C 88] The term data governance refers to the policies and processes for managing the integrity and security of data in a firm. Answer: TRUE 89] In a large organization, which of the following functions would be responsible for policies and procedures for managing internal data resources? 1. A] Data administration 2. B] Database administration. 3. C] Information policy administration 4. D] Data auditing 5. E] Database management Answer: A 90] Data scrubbing is a more intensive corrective process than data cleansing. Answer: FALSE
96] In data mining, which of the following involves recognizing patterns that describe the group to which an item belongs by examining existing items and inferring a set of rules? 1. A] Associations 2. B] Sequences 3. C] Classifications 4. D] Clustering 5. E] Forecasting Answer: C 97] In data mining, which of the following involves events linked over time? 1. A] Associations 2. B] Sequences 3. C] Classifications 4. D] Clustering 5. E] Forecasting Answer: B 98] MongoDB and SimpleDB are both examples of: 1. A] open source databases. 2. B] SQL databases. 3. C] NoSQL databases. 4. D] cloud databases. 5. E] .big data databases. Answer: C 99] A one-to-one relationship between two entities is symbolized in a diagram by a line that ends: 1. A] in two short marks. 2. B] in one short mark. 3. C] with a crow's foot. 4. D] with a crow's foot topped by a short mark. 5. E] with a crow’s foot topped by two short marks. Answer: A 100] Which of the following would you use to find patterns in user interaction data recorded by a web server? 1. A] Web usage mining 2. B] Web server mining 3. C] Web structure mining 4. D] Web content mining 5. E] Web protocol mining Answer: A